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Multinationals, Monopsony, and Local Development: Evidence from the United Fruit Company

Author

Listed:
  • Esteban Méndez-Chacón

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

  • Diana Van Patten

    (Yale University and NBER)

Abstract

This paper studies the role of large private sector companies in the development of local amenities. We use evidence from one of the largest multinationals of the 20th century: the United Fruit Company (UFCo). The firm was given a large land concession in Costa Rica—one of the so-called “Banana Republics"—from 1899 to 1984. Using administrative census data with census-block geo-references from 1973 to 2011, we implement a geographic regression discontinuity design that exploits a land assignment that is orthogonal to our outcomes of interest. We find that the firm had a positive and persistent effect on living standards. Company documents explain that a key concern at the time was to attract and maintain a sizable workforce, which induced the firm to invest heavily in local amenities— like the development of education and health infrastructure—that can account for our result. Consistent with this mechanism, we show, empirically and through a proposed model, that the firm’s investment efforts increase with worker mobility. ***Resumen: Este artículo estudia el papel de las grandes empresas privadas en el desarrollo de servicios locales. Utilizamos evidencia de una de las multinacionales más grandes del siglo XX: la United Fruit Company (UFCo). La firma recibió una gran concesión de tierras en Costa Rica, una de las llamadas “Repúblicas bananeras”—de 1899 a 1984. A partir de datos censales georreferenciados de 1973 a 2011, implementamos un diseño de regresión discontinua geográfica, que explota una asignación de terreno que es ortogonal a nuestros resultados de interés. Encontramos que la empresa tuvo un efecto positivo y persistente en los niveles de vida. Los documentos de la compañía explican que una preocupación clave en el momento era atraer y mantener una fuerza laboral, lo que indujo a la empresa a invertir fuertemente en servicios locales, como el desarrollo de la educación e infraestructura de salud, que pueden explicar nuestro resultado. Consistente con este mecanismo, mostramos, empíricamente y a través de un modelo propuesto, que los esfuerzos de inversión de la empresa aumentan con la movilidad de los trabajadores.

Suggested Citation

  • Esteban Méndez-Chacón & Diana Van Patten, 2022. "Multinationals, Monopsony, and Local Development: Evidence from the United Fruit Company," Documentos de Trabajo 2203, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:doctra:2203
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Luca Facchinello, 2025. "The Effect of Long-run PFAS Exposure on Mortality," Carlo Alberto Notebooks 750 JEL Classification: I, Collegio Carlo Alberto.

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
    • N16 - Economic History - - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations - - - Latin America; Caribbean
    • O43 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Institutions and Growth

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