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Commodity Price Pass-Through to Domestic Prices in Costa Rica, Does the Level of Market Competition Matter?

Author

Listed:
  • Cristian Álvarez-Corrales

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

  • Manfred Esquivel Monge

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

Abstract

The paper analyzes the pass-through of commodities prices to domestic prices in Costa Rica at a macroeconomic and microeconomic level. We analyze whether the pass-through has been strengthened or weakened over the last 40 years; whether commodities price increases have bigger effects on domestic prices than decreases (sign asymmetries); whether the magnitude of the pass-through is proportionally bigger as the size of commodities price changes are increased (size asymmetries) and whether commodities price volatility conditions the size or the asymmetries of the pass-through. Finally, for those industries in which price increases have bigger impact on domestic prices than decreases, we analyze whether such asymmetries are exacerbated by a less competitive structure of industrial organization.We use VAR and structural distributed lags models to deal with the asymptotic bias that emerges when censored VAR models (the traditional approach) are employed to capture asymmetries.We found that the pass-through of commodities prices to domestic prices has been strengthened in magnitude and statistical significance over time. Before the nineties, the pass-through was weak and statistically not different from zero, but from the first half of that decade there is evidence of a significant increase.For moderate commodities price changes (4 or less standard deviations), the magnitudes of the responses of domestic prices to positive and negative shocks do not statistically differ. Only when commodities prices are severely shocked (10 standard deviations) we found sign asymmetries in the pass-through which, contrary to popular belief, indicates a bigger response to negative price changes. Commodities price volatility does not condition this conclusion, sign asymmetries are the same in periods of high and low volatility.At a microeconomic level, we found evidence of positive sign asymmetries in some industries, especially those associated with commodities such as wheat (bakery products and pasta), corn (chicken meat), iron, rice and fertilizers. Related with this finding, we conclude that low degree of market competition is associated with a higher positive asymmetries.As a policy implication we recommend that the competition authority review in depth the industrial organization structure and business practices of dominant companies of those markets for which we found evidence of positive asymmetries in the pass-through of commodities prices changes together with high degree of concentration of suppliers. ***Resumen: El documento analiza el traspaso de precios de materias primas a precios domésticos en Costa Rica tanto a nivel macroeconómico como microeconómico.Se estudia si el traspaso se ha modificado a lo largo de los últimos 40 años. Además se estudia si difiere entre incrementos y disminuciones de precio de materias primas (asimetrías de signo); si su magnitud proporcional difiere según el tamaño de los choques de precio (asimetrías de magnitud) y si la volatilidad de precios de materias primas condiciona la magnitud o las asimetrías del traspaso.Finalmente, para aquellos productos donde se encuentra asimetrías de signo, se analiza si esto depende de la estructura de organización industrial.Se utilizan modelos VAR y estructurales de rezagos distribuidos. Esto en contraposición a la literatura tradicional en este tipo de análisis que emplea modelos VAR censurados pues estos últimos generan estimaciones del traspaso asintóticamente sesgadas.Se encuentra que el traspaso de variaciones de precio de materias primas a precios domésticos se ha fortalecido en magnitud y significancia estadística a lo largo del tiempo. Antes de los noventas el traspaso era débil y estadísticamente no significativo, pero a partir de la primera mitad de esa década se halla evidencia de un incremento importante.Para variaciones moderadas de precio de materias prima (menos de cuatro desviaciones estándar), la magnitud de la respuesta de los precios locales a choques positivos y negativos no difiere estadísticamente. Solo cuando las variaciones de precio de materias primas son grandes (en el orden de 10 desviaciones estándar) existe una diferencia significativa. Siendo el caso que, contrario a la creencia popular, la respuesta a variaciones negativas es de mayor magnitud. La volatilidad del precio de las materias primas no condiciona esta conclusión, es decir, la asimetría de signo es estadísticamente igual en periodos de alta y baja volatilidad.A nivel microeconómico se encuentra evidencia de asimetría positiva, es decir, traspasos mayores cuando las materias primas suben de precio, en algunas industrias asociadas especialmente a materias primas como trigo (productos de panadería y pastas), maíz (carne de pollo), hierro, arroz y fertilizantes. Relacionado con esto se encuentra que menores niveles de competencia se asocian con un grado mayor de asimetría.Como implicación de política se recomienda que la autoridad competente en materia de competencia revise a profundidad la estructura de organización industrial y las prácticas comerciales de las empresas dominantes en los mercados donde se encontró evidencia de asimetría positiva en el traspaso en conjunto con alta concentración de participantes oferentes.

Suggested Citation

  • Cristian Álvarez-Corrales & Manfred Esquivel Monge, 2019. "Commodity Price Pass-Through to Domestic Prices in Costa Rica, Does the Level of Market Competition Matter?," Documentos de Trabajo 1606, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:doctra:1606
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    JEL classification:

    • C31 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
    • E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • L11 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

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