Virtual Reality Learning Laboratories: A Case Study in the Training of Engineers in Circular Economy

Engineering education requires innovative approaches that integrate theoretical knowledge with practical application. Virtual reality (VR) learning labs offer an immersive and interactive alternative to traditional methods, addressing challenges such as logistical constraints, safety issues, and restricted access to industrial environments. In the context of the circular economy, where understanding the material cycle, environmental impacts, and sustainable design decisions is key, these environments allow complex production processes to be simulated in a visual, dynamic, and safe way. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a VR lab designed for teaching the circular economy, focusing on plastic bottle recycling. A test protocol was applied with industrial engineering students, measuring their understanding before and after the simulation. The results showed significant improvements in knowledge retention, process understanding, and student confidence. However, for its proper application, issues such as the user learning curve, technical limitations, and infrastructure requirements need to be addressed. This research confirms that VR labs enhance the engineering educational experience and offers key recommendations for optimizing their design and integration into curricula.