Kriging Metamodels and Their Designs

This chapter is organized as follows. Section 5.1 introduces Kriging, which is also called Gaussian process (GP) or spatial correlation modeling. Section 5.2 details so-called ordinary Kriging (OK), including the basic Kriging assumptions and formulas assuming deterministic simulation. Section 5.3 discusses parametric bootstrapping and conditional simulation for estimating the variance of the OK predictor. Section 5.4 discusses universal Kriging (UK) in deterministic simulation. Section 5.5 surveys designs for selecting the input combinations that gives input/output data to which Kriging metamodels can be fitted; this section focuses on Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and customized sequential designs. Section 5.6 presents stochastic Kriging (SK) for random simulations. Section 5.7 discusses bootstrapping with acceptance/rejection for obtaining Kriging predictors that are monotonic functions of their inputs. Section 5.8 discusses sensitivity analysis of Kriging models through functional analysis of variance (FANOVA) using Sobol’s indexes. Section 5.9 discusses risk analysis (RA) or uncertainty analysis (UA). Section 5.10 discusses several remaining issues. Section 5.11 summarizes the major conclusions of this chapter, and suggests topics for future research. The chapter ends with Solutions of exercises, and a long list of references.