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The impact of zero-knowledge proofs on data minimisation compliance of digital identity wallets

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  • Podda, Emanuela
  • Hölzmer, Pol
  • Amard, Alexandre
  • Sedlmeir, Johannes
  • Fridgen, Gilbert

Abstract

The recent amendment to the European eIDAS Regulation has established the European Digital Identity Framework, which introduces electronic attestations of attributes. Technically, these attestations involve auxiliary information to ensure their verifiability, leading to the generation, processing, and storage of more than just personal data. In particular, this auxiliary information contains globally unique information that can be misused as personal identifiers and poses risks to the privacy of individuals engaging in transactions using a European Digital Identity Wallet. As such, they create tension with the principle of data minimisation under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). On the positive side, privacy-enhancing technologies, especially zeroknowledge proofs (ZKPs), are rapidly advancing and capable of addressing this tension. In this paper, we analyse the impact of the availability of these techniques on legal compatibility in the European electronic identification context and explore the tension field between the technical requirements of the digital identity wallet and the GDPR's data minimisation principle. We illustrate this dynamic through the specific examples of cryptographic data processed to ensure the authenticity and integrity of attributes' electronic attestations and shed light on how ZKPs can support legal compliance. This paper contributes to the privacy-oriented electronic identity management literature by providing policy and technical recommendations for achieving data minimisation compliance. We emphasise the necessity for regulatory bodies to enforce the use of advanced solutions like ZKPs to achieve unlinkability and unobservability. Accelerating the standardisation of these technologies is crucial for safeguarding user privacy and achieving seamless regulatory compliance in digital identity systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Podda, Emanuela & Hölzmer, Pol & Amard, Alexandre & Sedlmeir, Johannes & Fridgen, Gilbert, 2025. "The impact of zero-knowledge proofs on data minimisation compliance of digital identity wallets," Internet Policy Review: Journal on Internet Regulation, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society (HIIG), Berlin, vol. 14(3), pages 1-29.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:iprjir:324162
    DOI: 10.14763/2025.3.2019
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Johannes Sedlmeir & Reilly Smethurst & Alexander Rieger & Gilbert Fridgen, 2021. "Digital Identities and Verifiable Credentials," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 63(5), pages 603-613, October.
    2. Hongjuan Zhang & Rong Han & Liang Wang & Runhui Lin, 2021. "Social capital in China: a systematic literature review," Asian Business & Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(1), pages 32-77, February.
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