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Chloroform Exposure and the Health Risk Associated with Multiple Uses of Chlorinated Tap Water

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  • Wan K. Jo
  • Clifford P. Weisel
  • Paul J. Lioy

Abstract

Recently, showers have been suspected to be an important source of indoor exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC). The chloroform dose to an individual from showering was determined based on exhaled breath analysis. The postexposure chloroform breath concentration ranged from 6.0‐21 μg/m3, while all corresponding background breath concentrations were less than 0.86 μg/m3. The internal dose from showering (inhalation plus dermal) was comparable to estimates of the dose from daily water ingestion. The risk associated with a single, 10‐min shower was estimated to be 1.22 10‐4, while the estimated risk from daily ingestion of tap water ranged from 0.130 10‐4 to 1.80 10‐4 for 0.15 and 2.0 L, respectively. Since the estimates of chloroform risk from domestic water use for the three exposure routes—ingestion, inhalation, and dermal—are similar, all routes must be used to calculate the total risk when making policy decisions regarding the quality of the municipal water supply.

Suggested Citation

  • Wan K. Jo & Clifford P. Weisel & Paul J. Lioy, 1990. "Chloroform Exposure and the Health Risk Associated with Multiple Uses of Chlorinated Tap Water," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(4), pages 581-585, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:riskan:v:10:y:1990:i:4:p:581-585
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00542.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wan K. Jo & Clifford P. Weisel & Paul J. Lioy, 1990. "Routes of Chloroform Exposure and Body Burden from Showering with Chlorinated Tap Water," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10(4), pages 575-580, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Mathieu Valcke & Kannan Krishnan, 2010. "An Assessment of the Interindividual Variability of Internal Dosimetry during Multi-Route Exposure to Drinking Water Contaminants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Kenneth T. Bogen, 2013. "Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(7), pages 1334-1352, July.
    3. Clifford P. Weisel & Wei Jie Chen, 1994. "Exposure to Chlorination By‐Products from Hot Water Uses," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(1), pages 101-106, February.
    4. David R. Mattie & John H. Grabau & James N. McDougal, 1994. "Significance of the Dermal Route of Exposure to Risk Assessment," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(3), pages 277-284, June.
    5. Mohammad S. Islam & Luhua Zhao & Joseph Zhou & Lilly Dong & James N. McDougal & Gordon L. Flynn, 1996. "Systemic Uptake and Clearance of Chloroform by Hairless Rats Following Dermal Exposure. I. Brief Exposure to Aqueous Solutions," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(3), pages 349-357, June.
    6. Joachim D. Pleil & Andrew B. Lindstrom, 1998. "Sample Timing and Mathematical Considerations for Modeling Breath Elimination of Volatile Organic Compounds," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(5), pages 585-602, October.

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