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The Materiality of Accounting Errors: Evidence from SEC Comment Letters†

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  • Andrew A. Acito
  • Jeffrey J. Burks
  • W. Bruce Johnson

Abstract

We gain unique insights into materiality judgments about accounting errors by examining SEC comment letter correspondence. We document that managers typically use multiple quantitative benchmarks in their materiality analyses, with earnings being the most common benchmark. In most of the cases we review, managers deem the error immaterial despite its exceeding the traditional “5 percent of earnings” rule of thumb, often in multiple periods and by a large degree. Instead of attempting to conceal these overages, managers tend to forthrightly acknowledge them, often asserting that the benchmark is abnormally low during the violation period. We find that 17–26 percent of these “low benchmark” assertions are suspect (although none of these “low benchmark” assertions are challenged by the SEC). We also document substantial variation in the extent to which qualitative factors are mentioned as considerations. The SEC generally is deferential toward managers' arguments and judgments but is more likely to challenge immateriality claims when managers admit there are qualitative factors that indicate errors are material. L'importance relative des erreurs comptables : données provenant des lettres de commentaires de la SEC Les auteurs recueillent de précieux renseignements au sujet des jugements portés sur l'importance relative des erreurs comptables en analysant les lettres de commentaires de la SEC. Les gestionnaires, constatent‐ils, utilisent habituellement de multiples indices de référence quantitatifs dans leurs analyses de l'importance relative, l'indice des résultats étant le plus fréquemment employé. Dans la plupart des cas étudiés par les auteurs, les gestionnaires jugent l'erreur négligeable en dépit du fait qu'elle excède la règle empirique des « 5 pour cent des bénéfices », souvent de beaucoup et à plusieurs reprises. Plutôt que de tenter de dissimuler ces dépassements, les gestionnaires tendent à les reconnaître sans ambages, affirmant dans bien des cas que l'indice de référence est anormalement bas pour la période de transgression. Les auteurs constatent que 17 à 26 pour cent de ces affirmations quant au niveau faible des indices sont suspectes (bien qu'aucune desdites affirmations ne soit mise en doute par la SEC). Ils notent aussi une variation appréciable de la mesure dans laquelle les facteurs qualitatifs sont allégués. La SEC respecte généralement les arguments invoqués et les jugements portés par les gestionnaires, mais elle est davantage susceptible de remettre en question leurs affirmations quant au caractère négligeable des écarts lorsque les gestionnaires admettent que certains facteurs qualitatifs indiquent que les erreurs sont importantes.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew A. Acito & Jeffrey J. Burks & W. Bruce Johnson, 2019. "The Materiality of Accounting Errors: Evidence from SEC Comment Letters†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 839-868, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:2:p:839-868
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12458
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    Cited by:

    1. Christensen, Brant & Schmardebeck, Roy & Seidel, Timothy, 2022. "Do auditors’ incentives affect materiality assessments of prior-period misstatements?," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    2. Preeti Choudhary & Kenneth Merkley & Katherine Schipper, 2019. "Auditors’ Quantitative Materiality Judgments: Properties and Implications for Financial Reporting Reliability," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 57(5), pages 1303-1351, December.
    3. Ege, Matthew S. & Stuber, Sarah B., 2022. "Are auditors rewarded for low audit quality? The case of auditor lenience in the insurance industry," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(1).

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