Legal Regulations Regarding GMOs in the EU Agriculture. Poland’s Standing

Aim The first half of 2025 coincides with a crucial stage of the European Union’s reform on new genomic techniques (NGTs). The adoption of the draft regulation introducing a legal distinction between NGT1 and NGT2 plants marks a departure from the precautionary framework established by Directive 2001/18/EC. The paper assesses the legal regulations regarding GMOs in EU agriculture, using Poland as an example of a country where these solutions have been implemented. Material and Methods The study applies comparative legal analysis of EU legislation, case law of the Court of Justice of the EU, reports by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the European Commission, and national legal documents. The example of Poland is used to expose regulatory gaps and contradictions. Results The findings indicate systemic inconsistencies between EU and national GMO regulations, creating a fragmented and incoherent regulatory landscape. Conclusions The results reveal a fragmented and incoherent system that undermines efforts to establish a unified agricultural policy. The article argues for legal harmonization and underscores the potential of domestic protein sources (such as legumes and non-GM soybeans) to reduce dependency on GMO imports and strengthen the EU’s protein autonomy.