IKE and IKZE as Basic Elements of a Pension Portfolio

The progressive ageing of the population and the projected decline in Poland’s replacement rate – from 67.2% in 2023 to 24.7% in 2060 – underscore the growing importance of private pension savings. This article aims to explore the role of Individual Pension Accounts (IKE) and Individual Pension Security Accounts (IKZE) as key tools for building a private pension portfolio, particularly in the light of the limitations of the public pension system due to demographic and economic pressures. While previous research has primarily focused on the legislative framework or market dynamics of third-pillar pension schemes, a gap remains in both the theoretical and practical examination of IKE and IKZE as instruments that complement existing and future public pension benefits. The study employs a range of methods, such as descriptive analysis of the literature, statistical and economic analysis of secondary data, and a detailed assessment of the legal and tax structure of both programs. The analysis is further supported by an evaluation of available financial instruments, tax relief, early withdrawal penalties, and inheritance rules. Strategic use of IKE and IKZE – aligned with an individual’s risk profile and investment horizon – can substantially enhance the efficiency of retirement capital accumulation and significantly reduce the risk of post-retirement income decline. The findings, based on literature and data analysis, confirm that IKE and IKZE can significantly bolster pension savings, effectively supplement the public pension system, provide additional retirement security for farmers, and help maintain adequate consumption levels for society at large.