Embracing Avocado (Persea americana) Farming Among Smallholder Farmers in Rural Households in Kenya: Challenges, Opportunities and Strategies for Sustainable Growth

Avocado farming in Kenya has become both a vital livelihood source and a thriving agricultural enterprise, driven by rising global demand and government initiatives to boost exports (Suljada, 2024; Shivachi et al., 2023). This study examines the challenges and opportunities in avocado farming, with a focus on smallholder farmers in Kiambu County. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study collected primary data through surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, while secondary data from publications, policy documents, and agricultural reports provided additional insights. The research was guided by the Adoption and Diffusion of Innovations theory, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The findings reveal that avocado farming has significant potential to enhance farmers’ livelihoods, particularly by generating employment opportunities for youth. The sector benefits from expanding local and international markets, opportunities for value addition, and income diversification. Farmers can leverage technological advancements, favorable climatic conditions, and climate adaptation programs. Additionally, forming cooperatives can improve market access, enabling farmers to secure contracts with premium buyers. Training programs, knowledge-sharing initiatives, and agricultural extension services further support the sector’s growth. Despite these opportunities, several challenges persist, including exploitation of farmers by brokers, low youth participation, price volatility, limited local consumption, restricted access to quality inputs, and inadequate extension services. To address these barriers, the study recommends strengthening agricultural extension services, enhancing access to affordable inputs, promoting farmers’ cooperatives, investing in infrastructure and market linkages, encouraging sustainable farming practices, and increasing youth engagement in the sector. This paper underscores the need for robust institutional frameworks and inclusive policies to promote sustainable avocado farming. By addressing existing challenges and fostering collaboration among communities and stakeholders, the paper offers insights into transforming avocado farming into a resilient and profitable venture for smallholder farmers in rural Kenya.