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‘A disciplining method for holding standards down’: how the World Bank planned Africa's slums

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  • Amanda Alexander

Abstract

This article examines the World Bank's attempts to frame the relationship between states, markets, and citizens through its urban assistance programmes during the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing on internal memoranda, mission reports, and staff reviews, this study traces the bank's arguments about the ideal role of the state in housing and service provision. Over this period, the World Bank encouraged governments to withdraw from providing public housing directly and to act instead as an ‘enabler’ of market forces, with lasting economic and political consequences. The article concludes with a focus on South Africa in the early 1990s, when the World Bank (after two decades of practice in promoting privatised land and housing markets) counselled the African National Congress on its post-apartheid policies. In the years since, these policies have resulted in explosive confrontations with civil-society activists who remain committed to alternative visions of the role of the state in housing and service provision. [« Une méthode disciplinaire pour avoir tiré les normes vers le bas » : comment la Banque mondiale a planifié les bidonvilles d'Afrique.] Cet article examine les tentatives de la Banque mondiale en vue d'encadrer la relation entre les Etats, les marchés et les citoyens à travers ses programmes d'aide en milieu urbain au cours des années 1970 et 1980. S'appuyant sur des notes internes, des rapports de mission et les commentaires du personnel, cette étude retrace les arguments de la Banque sur le rôle idéal de l'État en matière de logement et de prestation de services. Au cours de cette période, la Banque mondiale a encouragé les gouvernements à se retirer dans le fait de fournir logement public mais d'agir plutôt comme un ‘‘ facilitateur ’' des forces du marché, avec des conséquences économiques et politiques durables. Le document conclut en mettant l'accent sur l'Afrique du Sud dans les années 1990, lorsque la Banque mondiale (après deux décennies de pratique dans la promotion des terres privatisées et du logement) a conseillé le Congrès national africain sur ses politiques d'après-apartheid. Dans les années qui ont suivi, ces politiques ont donné lieu à des affrontements explosifs avec des militants de la société civile qui demeurent engagés à d'autres visions du rôle de l'Etat en matière de logement et de prestation de services. Mots-clés : Banque mondiale ; citoyenneté ; privatisation ; logement ; terre

Suggested Citation

  • Amanda Alexander, 2012. "‘A disciplining method for holding standards down’: how the World Bank planned Africa's slums," Review of African Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(134), pages 590-613, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:revape:v:39:y:2012:i:134:p:590-613
    DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2012.738603
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Godfrey R.A. Dunkley, 2000. "Republic of South Africa," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(5), pages 299-311, November.
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