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Shock Persistence and the Study of Armed Conflict: Empirical Biases and Some Remedies

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  • Jenny Guardado
  • Steven Pennings

Abstract

Poor employment prospects for potential insurgents are often thought to increase the intensity of armed conflict. A large empirical literature tries to identify the strength of this “opportunity cost” channel, in part by regressing conflict on commodity price shocks that affect the demand for workers. In this research note we develop a theoretical framework to interpret these empirical results. We argue that because commodity price shocks are usually persistent, the estimated strength of the opportunity cost mechanism will be biased upwards (towards zero)—even for labor-intensive commodities whose price shocks are not permanent. We define this bias analytically and, using regressions on simulated data, show that it is quantitatively important for commodities studied in the literature. The bias occurs because persistent shocks that reduce employment prospects today are correlated with unobserved dynamic motivations to fight, such as the expected value of an oil field or a fighter’s subjective value of a grievance. We conclude that the opportunity cost mechanism may be even stronger than has been estimated, and that researchers should use transient, seasonal or anticipated shocks to identify its magnitude.Con frecuencia, se tiene la tendencia a pensar que el hecho de que los potenciales insurgentes tengan unas expectativas pobres en materia de empleabilidad contribuye a aumentar la intensidad de los conflictos armados. Existe una amplia bibliografía, de carácter empírico, que trata de identificar la fortaleza de este canal de «coste de oportunidad». Esto, lo hace, en parte, mediante la regresión del conflicto con respecto a las perturbaciones en materia de precios de los productos básicos, las cuales afectan la demanda de trabajadores. En esta nota de investigación, desarrollamos un marco teórico para interpretar estos resultados empíricos. Argumentamos que, debido a que las perturbaciones en materia de precios de los productos básicos suelen ser persistentes, la fortaleza estimada del mecanismo de coste de oportunidad estará sesgada al alza (hacia cero), incluso para aquellos productos básicos intensivos en mano de obra para los cuales las perturbaciones en materia de precios no resultan permanentes. Definimos este sesgo de forma analítica y demostramos, mediante el uso de regresiones en datos simulados, que este resulta cuantitativamente importante para los productos estudiados en la bibliografía. El sesgo se produce porque los cambios persistentes que contribuyen, actualmente, a reducir las perspectivas de empleo se correlacionan con motivaciones dinámicas para luchar que no han sido tenidas en cuenta, como el valor esperado de un campo petrolero o el valor subjetivo que un combatiente otorga a un agravio. Concluimos que el mecanismo de coste de oportunidad puede ser incluso más fuerte de lo que se había estimado, y que los investigadores deben usar perturbaciones transitorias o estacionales para poder identificar su magnitud.Des perspectives d’emploi médiocres pour les rebelles potentiels intensifieraient souvent les conflits armés. Une abondante littérature empirique tente d’identifier la force de ce canal de « coût d’opportunité », en partie en remontant le conflit jusqu’à une crise des prix des matières premières qui a une incidence sur la demande de travailleurs. Dans cette note de recherche, nous développons un cadre théorique pour interpréter ces résultats empiriques. Nous affirmons que puisque les crises des prix des matières premières sont généralement de longue durée, l’estimation de la force du mécanisme coût-opportunité sera haussière (vers zéro), même pour les marchandises intensives en travail dont les crises de prix ne sont pas permanentes. Nous définissons ce biais sur le plan analytique et, à l’aide de régressions à partir de données simulées, nous montrons son importance quantitative pour les matières premières étudiées dans la littérature. Le biais intervient quand des crises persistantes qui réduisent les perspectives d’emploi aujourd’hui sont corrélées à des motifs de conflit dynamiques, comme la valeur attendue d’un champ pétrolifère ou la valeur subjective qu’un combattant accorde à un grief. La conclusion indique que l’importance du mécanisme coût-opportunité pourrait bien être plus élevée que nos estimations, et suggère aux chercheurs d’utiliser des crises passagères ou saisonnières pour identifier son ampleur.

Suggested Citation

  • Jenny Guardado & Steven Pennings, 2024. "Shock Persistence and the Study of Armed Conflict: Empirical Biases and Some Remedies," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(1), pages 121-137, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ginixx:v:50:y:2024:i:1:p:121-137
    DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2023.2266553
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