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Punish or tolerate? State capacity, military oversight, and wartime sexual violence

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  • Sumin Lee
  • Andrey Tomashevskiy

Abstract

How does government oversight of the military affect the occurrence of wartime sexual violence? This paper highlights the role of civil-military relations and state capacity in the occurrence of sexual violence. Building on research that examines wartime sexual violence in the principal-agent framework, we propose a game-theoretic model in which the military deploys wartime sexual violence based on its expectation of government oversight. We describe an equilibrium where monitoring is an informative signal of the government’s capacity to carry out the punishment. The government monitors strategically and may choose to remain “strategically ignorant” of the military’s conduct. Since government oversight is an informative signal of punishment, the military abstains from wartime sexual violence when oversight is high. We examine the empirical implications of the model using data on sexual violence, military oversight, and state capacity and find support for the hypotheses generated by the model.¿Cuál es el efecto que tiene la supervisión por parte del Gobierno a las fuerzas armadas sobre la aparición de violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra? Este artículo destaca el papel de las relaciones cívico-militares y de la capacidad del Estado en la aparición de violencia sexual. Proponemos, sobre la base de la investigación que estudia la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra dentro del marco de la relación principal-agente, un modelo de teoría de juegos en el que las fuerzas armadas despliegan la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra en función de sus expectativas de supervisión gubernamental. Describimos un equilibrio en el que esta supervisión es una señal informativa de la capacidad del Gobierno para llevar a cabo sanciones. El Gobierno realiza la supervisión de manera estratégica y puede optar por permanecer «estratégicamente ignorante» de la conducta de las fuerzas armadas. Dado que la supervisión gubernamental es una señal informativa de la capacidad del Estado, las fuerzas armadas se abstienen de llevar a cabo violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra cuando la supervisión es alta. Examinamos las implicaciones empíricas del modelo utilizando datos sobre violencia sexual, supervisión militar y capacidad estatal y encontramos apoyo para las hipótesis generadas por el modelo.Quels sont les effets de la surveillance de l’armée par le gouvernement sur la survenance de violences sexuelles en temps de guerre ? Cet article met en évidence le rôle des relations entre civils et militaires et de la capacité de l’État dans la survenance de violences sexuelles. En nous fondant sur la recherche sur les violences sexuelles en temps de guerre dans le cadre des relations mandant-mandataire, nous proposons un modèle basé sur la théorie des jeux au sein duquel les actes de violence sexuelle du corps militaire en temps de guerre dépendent du degré de surveillance gouvernementale anticipé. Nous décrivons la mise en place d’un équilibre par la surveillance du gouvernement qui indique sa capacité à infliger des sanctions. La surveillance du gouvernement revêt un caractère stratégique, car il peut choisir de maintenir « une ignorance stratégique » du comportement des militaires. Comme la surveillance du gouvernement constitue un indicateur de la capacité de l’État, l’armée s’abstient de toute violence sexuelle en temps de guerre quand la surveillance est élevée. Nous analysons les implications empiriques du modèle à l’aide de données sur les violences sexuelles, la surveillance militaire et la capacité de l’État. Nos conclusions confirment les hypothèses générées par le modèle.

Suggested Citation

  • Sumin Lee & Andrey Tomashevskiy, 2023. "Punish or tolerate? State capacity, military oversight, and wartime sexual violence," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(4), pages 471-496, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ginixx:v:49:y:2023:i:4:p:471-496
    DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2023.2190111
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