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Land use and the incidence of forced displacement

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  • German Lambardi
  • Paola Palacios

Abstract

In the context of the Colombian internal conflict, rural communities engaged in subsistence agriculture and traditional modes of production, most of which are not highly profitable, are significantly affected by displacement. We explain this finding by the use of a game-theoretical model where the government obtains income and provides security for regions while the armed group extorts productive agriculture and chooses the percentage of subsistence farmers to force out from their lands. By displacing population, the armed group reallocates land from subsistence to modern agriculture, increasing the potential gains from extortion. We find that if land productivity is sufficiently high and the proportion of land devoted to modern productive agriculture is small, the government provides low security, and displacement occurs. The government only prevents displacement if the income obtained from the region exceeds the cost of security provision which occurs when the proportion of land devoted to subsistence agriculture is sufficiently small. Predictions from the theoretical model are tested using a panel data set of Colombian municipalities for 2003–2017. Results from the fixed-effects panel estimations indicate that municipalities with collective titles exhibit higher IDPs expulsion rates, in accordance with the theory. Findings from the model could also shed light on other countries where forced displacement is aimed at land reallocation that allows for a more productive use of this resource.En el contexto del conflicto interno de Colombia, las comunidades rurales que implementan la agricultura de subsistencia y los métodos de producción tradicionales, la mayoría de los cuales no son muy rentables, se ven afectadas por el desplazamiento de manera significativa. Explicamos este descubrimiento mediante un modelo simple de la teoría de juegos, en el que el Gobierno obtiene ingresos y brinda seguridad para las regiones, mientras que el grupo armado extorsiona la agricultura productiva y selecciona el porcentaje de agricultores de subsistencia para expulsar de sus tierras. Mediante el desplazamiento de la población, el grupo armado redistribuye la tierra de la agricultura de subsistencia a la moderna y aumenta las posibles ganancias provenientes de la extorsión. Observamos que, si la productividad de la tierra es lo suficientemente alta y la proporción de tierra dedicada a la agricultura productiva moderna es pequeña, el Gobierno brinda poca seguridad, y tiene lugar el desplazamiento. El Gobierno solo evita el desplazamiento si los ingresos obtenidos de la región superan el costo de la provisión de seguridad, lo cual se produce cuando la proporción de tierra dedicada a la agricultura de subsistencia es lo suficientemente pequeña. Los descubrimientos del modelo teórico se contrastan con el caso de las comunidades que ocupan los territorios ancestrales en la región del Pacífico del país y participaron en un gran programa colectivo de títulos de propiedad. Los descubrimientos del modelo también pudieron clarificar otros casos de migración forzada en las comunidades que implementan los métodos tradicionales de producción en todo el mundo.Dans le contexte du conflit intérieur colombien, les communautés rurales pratiquant une agriculture de subsistance et des modes de production traditionnels, dont la plupart ne sont pas très rentables, sont fortement touchées par les déplacements de population. Nous expliquons cette conclusion en utilisant un modèle simple de théorie des jeux où le gouvernement obtient des recettes et assure la sécurité des régions tandis que le groupe armé extorque l’agriculture productive et choisit le pourcentage d’agriculteurs de subsistance à expulser de leurs terres. En déplaçant la population, le groupe armé réaffecte les terres d’agriculture de subsistance à l’agriculture moderne, augmentant ainsi les gains potentiels liés à l’extorsion. Nous constatons que si la productivité des terres est suffisamment élevée et que la proportion de terres consacrées à l’agriculture productive moderne est faible, le gouvernement offre une faible sécurité et des déplacements de population ont lieu. Le gouvernement n’empêche ces déplacements que si les recettes obtenues de la région dépassent le coût de la fourniture de la sécurité, ce qui se produit lorsque la proportion de terres consacrées à l’agriculture de subsistance est suffisamment faible. Les conclusions du modèle théorique sont mises en contraste avec le cas des communautés occupant des territoires ancestraux dans la région Pacifique du pays qui ont pris part au vaste programme d’attribution de titres de propriété collective. Les conclusions du modèle pourraient également apporter un éclairage sur d’autres cas de migration forcée intervenant dans des communautés pratiquant des modes traditionnels de production dans le monde entier.

Suggested Citation

  • German Lambardi & Paola Palacios, 2023. "Land use and the incidence of forced displacement," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(2), pages 171-200, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ginixx:v:49:y:2023:i:2:p:171-200
    DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2022.2045287
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