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Sanctions, aid, and voting patterns in the United Nations General Assembly

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  • David Lektzian
  • Glen Biglaiser

Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of U.S. economic sanctions on UN General Assembly voting patterns. Using panel data for 123 developing countries from 1990 to 2014, and employing an instrumental variables approach to account for potential endogeneity, we find that U.S.-imposed sanctions generally lead to a decline in voting coincidence between the U.S. and target countries when the sanctioned country receives low U.S. aid. However, in instances where the U.S. sanctions countries dependent on U.S. foreign aid, we find targets are increasingly more likely to vote with the U.S. This is because sanctions send a credible signal of the U.S.’s willingness to carry out punishment and cancel future aid to countries that publicly oppose it. Our research shows how sanctions alone tend to pull countries apart while, together with aid dependence, have the potential to bring countries in line with the U.S.’s position on issues, adding nuance to the sanctions literature.Este artículo investiga los efectos de las sanciones económicas por parte de Estados Unidos en los patrones de voto de la Asamblea General de la ONU. Utilizando datos de panel de 123 países en vías de desarrollo entre 1990 y 2014, y empleando un enfoque de variables instrumentales para tener en consideración la posible endogeneidad, comprobamos que las sanciones impuestas por Estados Unidos conllevan generalmente una disminución de la coincidencia de votos entre Estados Unidos y los países objetivo cuando el país sancionado recibe poca ayuda por parte de Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, en los casos en los que Estados Unidos impone sanciones a los países que dependen de la ayuda exterior estadounidense, observamos que los países objetivo son cada vez más propensos a votar conforme a Estados Unidos. Esto se debe a que las sanciones envían una señal creíble de la voluntad de Estados Unidos de llevar a cabo un castigo y cancelar la ayuda futura a los países que se les oponen públicamente. Nuestra investigación muestra cómo las sanciones por sí solas tienden a separar a los países, mientras que, junto con la dependencia de la ayuda, tienen el potencial de hacer que los países se alineen con la posición de Estados Unidos respecto a determinados temas, lo que añade matices a la literatura sobre las sanciones.Le présent article s’intéresse aux effets des sanctions économiques des États-Unis sur les schémas de vote de l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies. À l’aide de données de panel de 123 pays en voie de développement entre 1990 et 2014 et de la méthode des variables instrumentales pour prendre en compte la potentielle endogénéité, nous observons que les sanctions imposées par les États-Unis conduisent généralement à une baisse de la coïncidence des votes entre les États-Unis et les pays cibles quand le pays sanctionné reçoit peu d’aides américaines. Néanmoins, quand les pays sanctionnés par les États-Unis dépendent de l’aide financière américaine, nous remarquons que les cibles ont plus souvent tendance à voter avec les États-Unis. Pour expliquer ce phénomène, nous proposons que les sanctions envoient un signal crédible de la volonté américaine d’appliquer une punition et d’annuler des aides futures pour les pays qui s’opposent publiquement à eux. Nos recherchent montrent comment les sanctions, à elles seules, ont tendance à diviser les pays, quand, couplées à la dépendance aux aides, elles ont le potentiel d’aligner les pays sur les positions américaines sur certaines problématiques, ce qui apporte quelques nuances à la littérature sur les sanctions.

Suggested Citation

  • David Lektzian & Glen Biglaiser, 2023. "Sanctions, aid, and voting patterns in the United Nations General Assembly," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(1), pages 59-85, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ginixx:v:49:y:2023:i:1:p:59-85
    DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2023.2155151
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