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Could leaders deflect from political scandals? Cross-national experiments on diversionary action in Israel and Japan

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  • Elad Segev
  • Atsushi Tago
  • Kohei Watanabe

Abstract

The diversionary theory of war is one of the best-known conflict initiation theories focusing on democratic leaders’ incentives to divert public attention away from political scandals or economic policy failures. While this assumption is well-known, few studies have examined if and how the use of force could divert public attention from such a scandal or failure. By using cross-national experiments in Japan and Israel, we provide empirical tests of this particular assumption and test the other theoretically discussed implications. Our contribution is twofold. First, we confirm that, in both Japan and Israel, diverting public attention from salient political scandals may fail. Second, drawing from an experiment using a mock news article predicting the prime minister’s hawkish policy, we demonstrate that actual escalation against a potentially nuclear-armed enemy would not directly lead to greater support for the prime minister compared to the mere emphasis on the threat posed by the enemy. Simply warning of an imminent threat from North Korea or Iran is critical and sufficient to induce political support from the general public; we call it threat-induced political support.La teoría de la guerra de distracción es una de las más conocidas sobre el inicio de los conflictos que se enfoca en los intereses de los líderes democráticos de desviar la atención pública de los escándalos políticos o las políticas económicas fallidas. Si bien este postulado es bien conocido, en pocos estudios se analizó si el uso de la fuerza podría desviar la atención del público de un escándalo o una política fallida, y de qué manera. Mediante la utilización de experimentos transnacionales en Japón e Israel, proporcionamos pruebas empíricas de este supuesto en particular y ponemos a prueba las otras implicancias debatidas en marcos teóricos. Nuestro aporte es doble. En primer lugar, confirmamos que, tanto en Japón como en Israel, desviar la atención de la opinión pública de los escándalos políticos más destacados puede fracasar. En segundo lugar, a partir de un experimento en el que se utiliza un artículo de prensa simulado que predice una política agresiva del primer ministro, demostramos que la escalada real contra un potencial enemigo armado con armas nucleares no conduce directamente a un mayor apoyo al primer ministro en comparación con el mero énfasis en la amenaza que supone el enemigo. La simple advertencia de una amenaza inminente por parte de Corea del Norte o Irán es determinante y suficiente para inducir el apoyo político del público; lo llamamos “apoyo político inducido por la amenaza.”La théorie de la diversion de la guerre est l’une des théories les plus connues sur le déclenchement des conflits. Elle se concentre sur les motivations des dirigeants démocratiques à détourner l’attention du public des scandales politiques ou des échecs de la politique économique. Bien que cette hypothèse soit bien connue, peu d’études ont examiné si et comment le recours à la force pouvait détourner l’attention du public de tels scandales ou échecs. Nous nous appuyons sur des expériences transnationales menées au Japon et en Israël, nous proposons des analyses empiriques de cette hypothèse particulière et nous analysons les autres implications qui sont discutées d’un point de vue théorique. Notre contribution est en deux volets. D’une part, nous confirmons que, tant au Japon qu’en Israël, les tentatives de détourner l’attention du public des scandales politiques importants peuvent échouer. Et d’autre part, à partir d’une expérience reposant sur un article de presse fictif prédisant une politique belliciste du premier ministre, nous démontrons que l’escalade réelle du conflit contre un ennemi potentiellement doté de l’arme nucléaire ne conduirait pas directement à un plus grand soutien pour le premier ministre par rapport à la simple insistance sur la menace présentée par l’ennemi. Le simple fait d’avertir d’une menace imminente de la part de la Corée du Nord ou de l’Iran est essentiel et suffisant pour déclencher le soutien politique du grand public; nous qualifions cela de soutien politique induit par la menace.

Suggested Citation

  • Elad Segev & Atsushi Tago & Kohei Watanabe, 2022. "Could leaders deflect from political scandals? Cross-national experiments on diversionary action in Israel and Japan," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(5), pages 1056-1069, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ginixx:v:48:y:2022:i:5:p:1056-1069
    DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2022.2044326
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    Cited by:

    1. Diana Khan & Akimasa Fujiwara & Yoram Shiftan & Makoto Chikaraishi & Einat Tenenboim & Thi Anh Hong Nguyen, 2022. "Risk Perceptions and Public Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: A Comparative Study in Japan and Israel," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-21, August.

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