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Socio-political and Economic Context of Child Survival in Rwanda over the 1950-2000 Period

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  • Albert-Enéas Gakusi
  • Michel Garenne

Abstract

Before 1965, under-five mortality was declining in Rwanda, from an estimated value of 346 per 1,000 in 1950 to 229 per 1,000 in 1965. Then it rose for about 12 years to 261 per 1,000 in 1977, to decline again, reaching a level of 132 per 1,000 in 1990. The 1991-2000 period witnessed a major peak of mortality in 1994 and another peak in 1998. This paper explores reasons for these significant changes in mortality. The 1965-77 period was marked by severe difficulties after independence in 1962, due to the sudden departure of expatriates, the relative international isolation, the lack of international aid, the flight of educated persons of Tutsi origin, and possibly the departure of herders and their cattle following ethnic conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi during the 1959-66 period. During the 1977-90 period, social indicators became more favourable, with the increasing benefits from earlier social investments, higher openness to international markets, more international aid and more internal political stability. The peaks in mortality of 1994 and 1998 are due to the genocide and its aftermaths. This study is an illustration of complex relationships between economic, socio-political contexts and their different health outcomes expressed in terms of under-five mortality. Au Rwanda, la mortalité infanto-juvénile était en baisse avant l'indépendance obtenue en 1962. Elle passe de 346 pour 1000 en 1950 à 229 pour 1000 en 1965. Puis, elle augmente pendant environ 12 ans pour atteindre 261 pour 1000 en 1977, puis baisse de nouveau jusqu'à 132 pour 1000 en 1990. La période de 1991 à 2000 est complexe et a connu deux pics de mortalité en 1994 et en 1998. Cet article explore les raisons de ces changements significatifs de la mortalité. La période de 1965 à 1977 est marquée par de grandes difficultés après l'indépendance, en raison du départ soudain du personnel médical expatrié, de l'isolement international relatif, du manque d'aide internationale, de l'exil des personnes instruites d'ethnie tutsi et, peut-être, du départ de certains éleveurs avec leur bétail à la suite des conflits interethniques qui se sont succédés de 1959 à 1966. De 1977 à 1990, les indicateurs sociaux deviennent plus favorables, profitant des investissements sociaux de la période précédente, d'une plus grande ouverture aux marchés internationaux, de plus d'aide internationale et de stabilité politique. Les sommets de mortalité de 1994 et 1998 s'expliquent par la guerre civile, le génocide de 1994 et leurs conséquences. Cette étude est une illustration de rapports complexes entre les contextes économiques et sociopolitiques et les indicateurs de santé publique, exprimés ici en termes de mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans.

Suggested Citation

  • Albert-Enéas Gakusi & Michel Garenne, 2007. "Socio-political and Economic Context of Child Survival in Rwanda over the 1950-2000 Period," The European Journal of Development Research, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 19(3), pages 412-432.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:eurjdr:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:412-432
    DOI: 10.1080/09578810701504446
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    Cited by:

    1. Powell-Jackson, Timothy & Basu, Sanjay & Balabanova, Dina & McKee, Martin & Stuckler, David, 2011. "Democracy and growth in divided societies: A health-inequality trap?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 73(1), pages 33-41, July.

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