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Gender difference in off-school time use and academic achievement

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  • Olivia Masi

Abstract

This paper examines how off-school time use correlates with academic achievement, using unique data on Turkish children aged 8–12. With detailed variables – such as cognitive and non-cognitive traits, parenting, and teaching styles – I find significant gender differences: girls spend more time doing chores and studying, less on play. I estimate an education production function with time-use inputs. One extra hour of chores reduces math (0.042 SD) and Turkish (0.025 SD) scores; playtime also lowers scores. A gender gap in math (0.171 SD) favoring boys appears driven by different time-use patterns and returns to playtime across gender.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivia Masi, 2026. "Gender difference in off-school time use and academic achievement," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(4), pages 612-631, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:edecon:v:34:y:2026:i:4:p:612-631
    DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2025.2578745
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