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A survey on low-power wide area networks for IoT applications

Author

Listed:
  • Mncedisi Bembe

    (SCMS, University of Mpumalanga)

  • Adnan Abu-Mahfouz

    (CSIR Meraka Institute)

  • Moshe Masonta

    (CSIR Meraka Institute)

  • Tembisa Ngqondi

    (SCMS, University of Mpumalanga)

Abstract

We are on the entry of the exponential advancement of the internet-of-things (IoT) due to the quick development of internet-connected smart-objects. As the number of connected smart-objects increase, IoT will continue to advance by providing connectivity and interactions between the physical and the cyber world. This connectivity is characterized by low throughput, delay sensitivity, small and wide coverage, low power consumption, low device, etc. Which explains the emergence of low power wide area network (LPWAN). LPWAN technologies are an alternative promising connectivity solutions for Internet of Things. However, the lack of an overall LPWAN knowledge that present a comprehensive analysis of LPWAN technologies is presently constraining the achievement of the modern IoT vision. In this paper, we begin with a detailed analysis of the conventional high power long-range network technologies that considers IoT applications and requirements. We further point out the need for dedicated low power wide area technologies in IoT systems. In addition, we analyse the technical specification based on the PHY and MAC layers of the technologies that are already deployed, or likely to be deployed. The focus is to incorporate both standard and proprietary technologies in our study. Furthermore, we present the modelling techniques and performance metrics that are adopted in LPWAN networks analysis. Finally, challenges and open problems are presented. The main contribution of this study is that it provides an enhanced summary of the current state-of-the-art of LPWAN suitable to meet the requirements of IoT, while uniquely providing LPWAN’s modelling techniques, performance metrics and their associated enablers.

Suggested Citation

  • Mncedisi Bembe & Adnan Abu-Mahfouz & Moshe Masonta & Tembisa Ngqondi, 2019. "A survey on low-power wide area networks for IoT applications," Telecommunication Systems: Modelling, Analysis, Design and Management, Springer, vol. 71(2), pages 249-274, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:telsys:v:71:y:2019:i:2:d:10.1007_s11235-019-00557-9
    DOI: 10.1007/s11235-019-00557-9
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Bharat S. Chaudhari & Marco Zennaro & Suresh Borkar, 2020. "LPWAN Technologies: Emerging Application Characteristics, Requirements, and Design Considerations," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-25, March.
    2. Sama Habibi & Vahid Solouk & Hashem Kalbkhani, 2021. "Adaptive energy-efficient small cell sleeping and zooming in heterogeneous cellular networks," Telecommunication Systems: Modelling, Analysis, Design and Management, Springer, vol. 77(1), pages 23-45, May.
    3. Brandon Foubert & Nathalie Mitton, 2020. "Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, January.
    4. Gackstetter, David & von Bloh, Malte & Hannus, Veronika & Meyer, Sebastian T. & Weisser, Wolfgang & Luksch, Claudia & Asseng, Senthold, 2023. "Autonomous field management – An enabler of sustainable future in agriculture," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).

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