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Off-farm income and dietary diversity in subsistence farming in Burundi

Author

Listed:
  • Willy Désiré Emera

    (Ghent University)

  • Carl Lachat

    (Ghent University)

  • Yves Didier Umwungerimwiza

    (University of Rwanda)

  • Wannes Slosse

    (Ghent University)

  • Marijke D’Haese

    (Ghent University)

Abstract

The impact of agricultural decisions on the dietary diversity of people living on subsistence farms is poorly documented. This study examines the relationship between diversity in agricultural production and diets in two provinces of northern Burundi. The factors associated with the dietary diversity of women and children in these rural households were analysed using Poisson and probit models with six indicators of agricultural production diversity: (1) tropical livestock units, (2) animal count, (3) crop species count, (4) the Simpson’s index, (5) the Shannon index and (6) caloric content. We distinguish three groups of farms based on the proportion of agricultural products sold, i.e., "subsistence farms” sold less than 5%, “quasi-subsistence farms” sold between 5 and 10%, and “farms with some sales” sold more than 10% of their produce. On average, women on subsistence farms consumed 4.0 out of ten food groups (standard deviation: 1.54), which is lower than the averages of 4.8 (standard deviation: 2.1) and 5.1 (standard deviation: 5.05) observed for women on quasi-subsistence farms and farms with some sales, respectively. The crops primarily sold in the three farming systems were bananas, coffee, and cassava. The consumption of vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, meat, poultry, and fish was low in all groups. No correlations were found between agricultural and dietary diversity. However, the likelihood of consuming animal-source foods was correlated with off-farm income. Subsistence farming households can provide basic food for the women and children of the family, yet require additional financial means to consume nutrient-dense foods available in markets.

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  • Willy Désiré Emera & Carl Lachat & Yves Didier Umwungerimwiza & Wannes Slosse & Marijke D’Haese, 2025. "Off-farm income and dietary diversity in subsistence farming in Burundi," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 17(4), pages 935-956, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ssefpa:v:17:y:2025:i:4:d:10.1007_s12571-025-01551-7
    DOI: 10.1007/s12571-025-01551-7
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