Patterns and Transitions of Subjective Well-Being Among Chinese Pre-adolescents and Adolescents: Influenced by Age, Gender, Family Functioning, and National Identity, and the Impact on Growth Mindset

Pre-adolescence and adolescence are pivotal stages of life, characterized by numerous transformations and challenges, during which subjective well-being (SWB) assumes a significant role. The present study aims to investigate the profiles of SWB among pre-adolescents and adolescents, as well as the predictors and effects of SWB by using a short-term longitudinal latent transition analysis. A sample of 2257 students (1251 girls and 1006 boys; Mage ± SD = 13.33 ± 2.27 years, range: 8–19 years) completed a self-reported survey at two time points. The latent profile analysis identified three distinct profiles of SWB among pre-adolescents and adolescents. The short-term longitudinal latent transition analysis revealed stability within the high SWB profile, partial stability within the moderate SWB profile, and instability within the low SWB profile. Additionally, gender and age differences were observed, as well as the influence of family functioning and national identity on SWB across different profiles. Furthermore, higher SWB was linked to a stronger growth mindset over time. These findings offer valuable insights and implications for enhancing well-being in both pre-adolescent and adolescent populations.