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Sustainable Finance and the Banks

Author

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  • Thornton, John

    (Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK and US Department of the Treasury, Office of Technical Assistance, Washington DC, USA)

Abstract

This paper reviews the growing literature on sustainable finance. The empirical evidence on the key issues is very mixed with the results from ESG literature that are especially problematic. The results from the literature on banks and climate change more specifically are clearer with good indications that banks will provide firms with the finance for innovation and its diffusion. Voluntary commitments by banks to operate to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050 do not appear to be effective and in the transition to a low carbon economy it is not clear that banks are reallocating funds to low carbon sectors or that they are charging higher interest rates to high polluting firms. The evidence on how banks deal with the physical risks from climate change is more encouraging in these respects. The literature on central banking and monetary policy generally advocates a return to policies of the 1950s-70s with an emphasis on directed credit, preferential interest rates, reserve requirements, capital and liquidity ratios to promote green finance, but the financial stability-related literature recognizes clearly the need for central banks to be prudent and incorporate climate risks into their operations and policy frameworks. Finanza sostenibile e banche Questo articolo esamina la crescente letteratura sulla finanza sostenibile. L’evidenza empirica circa i problemi chiave dà risultati misti: in particolare i risultati della letteratura ESG (environmental, society and governance) sono problematici. I risultati degli studi su banche e cambiamento climatico sono, nello specifico, più chiari e indicano con buona probabilità che le banche finanziano le aziende che fanno innovazioni e le diffondono. Apparentemente non sembra che le banche si vogliano volontariamente impegnare per raggiungere l’obiettivo di zero emissioni entro il 2050 e della transizione verso un’economia a basse emissioni di anidride carbonica, non è chiaro se le stesse intendono riallocare fondi verso settori con bassa emissione di anidride carbonica o applicare tassi d’interesse più elevati alle aziende maggiormente inquinanti. Le evidenze circa il modo col quale le banche gestiscono i rischi fisici derivanti dal cambiamento climatico sono più incoraggianti. La letteratura sulle banche centrali e la politica monetaria generalmente sostiene il ritorno alle politiche adottate negli anni 1950-1970. Vengono a tal fine enfatizzate misure di controllo sulla direzione dei fondi, sull’adozione di tassi di interesse preferenziali, sull’obbligo di riserva, sul patrimonio di vigilanza e il rapporto di liquidità, con l’obiettivo di promuovere la finanza green. Invece, la letteratura che fa riferimento alla stabilità finanziaria riconosce chiaramente la necessità di politiche prudenti da parte delle banche centrali, le quali devono includere il rischio climatico nelle loro operazioni e nell’apparato di policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Thornton, John, 2025. "Sustainable Finance and the Banks," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 78(2), pages 179-208.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:ecoint:0991
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Sustainable Finance; Bank Performance; ESG Scores; Carbon Emissions; Central Bank Policies;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • F30 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - General
    • F64 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Environment
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth
    • Q01 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - General - - - Sustainable Development
    • Q32 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation - - - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming

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