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Spatial Location of Firms and Industries: An Overview of Theory and Practice V2.0

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  • Miroslav N. Jovanović

    (University of Geneva, Global Studies Institute, Dušan Sidjanski Centre of Excellence in European Studies, Switzerland)

Abstract

Where economic activity will locate and stay in the future is one of the most important and challenging questions in economics. Even though advances in technology have reduced the cost of transport and communication, which has curtailed the ‘distance penalty’ for business operations, local proximity of firms that produce similar, competing and/or related products still matters, especially at times with proliferating economic sanctions and trade wars. This reinforces the absolute, rather than relative, advantages of many small areas. The location of firms depends not only on costs of production and marketing, but also on economies of scale, activity-specific backward and forward linkages (indivisible production), accumulated knowledge, path dependence, innovation, the existence of sophisticated customers (markets) and on unpredictable chance events and historical accidents. ‘Global’ competitiveness often depends on highly concentrated ‘local’ knowledge; capabilities and common tacit codes of behaviour which can be found in spatially concentrated firms (clusters). Widespread global value chains are ageing and are being redressed because of uncertainties related to supply routes, ‘near-shoring’ and economic sanctions. Although there are certain principles and lessons learned for the location of firms and economic policy, the issue is still complex, evolving and subject to further theoretical and empirical analysis. Localizzazione geografica delle imprese e delle industrie: un’analisi teorica e della pratica 2.0 Uno dei più importanti e stimolanti quesiti dell’economia è capire dove le attività economiche si stabiliranno in futuro. Anche se il progresso della tecnologia ha ridotto i costi dei trasporti e delle comunicazioni, diminuendo così la penalizzazione portata dalla distanza nelle operazioni commerciali, la prossimità locale delle aziende che producono merci simili, concorrenziali e/o correlate è ancora un fattore da considerare, specialmente in tempi in cui le sanzioni economiche e le guerre commerciali proliferano. Ciò rafforza i vantaggi assoluti, più che quelli relativi, di molte piccole aree. La localizzazione delle aziende dipende non solo dai costi di produzione e marketing, ma anche da economie di scala, da integrazioni lineari in attività specifiche (produzione indivisibile), dal saper fare, da dipendenze dal percorso, dall’innovazione, dall’esistenza di clienti sofisticati (i mercati) e da eventi casuali imprevedibili e da circostanze storiche. La competitività ‘globale’ spesso dipende dal sapere ‘locale’ che è altamente concentrato; da capacità e codici comportamentali tacitamente riconosciuti che si riscontrano nei distretti imprenditoriali. In tutto il mondo le catene globali del valore stanno diventando obsolete e vengono ripensate a causa dell’incertezza legata ai percorsi delle forniture, agli aiuti ed alle sanzioni economiche. Benché ci siano alcuni principi e lezioni apprese dalla localizzazione delle aziende e dalla politica economica, il problema è ancora complesso, in evoluzione e soggetto a ulteriori analisi teoriche ed empiriche.

Suggested Citation

  • Miroslav N. Jovanović, 2025. "Spatial Location of Firms and Industries: An Overview of Theory and Practice V2.0," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 78(4), pages 487-618, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:ecoint:021733
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    JEL classification:

    • F10 - International Economics - - Trade - - - General
    • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
    • L52 - Industrial Organization - - Regulation and Industrial Policy - - - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
    • R10 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - General

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