The Impact of Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Globalization on Ecological Footprint: The Case of Turkey (Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Küreselleşme Sürecinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği)

This study aims to analyse the long-run effects of economic growth, energy consumption, and economic globalization process on ecological footprints in Turkey using annual time series data for the period 1980-2017. The analyses are conducted by employing the Fourier ADF unit root and the Fourier Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ADL) cointegration methods. Fourier ADL cointegration test results reveal that there is a long-run relationship between ecological footprint and economic growth, energy consumption, population density, and economic globalization in Turkey. Finally, the long-term coefficients obtained from the Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) estimator reveal that economic growth and energy consumption have positive and statistically significant effects on ecological footprint, whereas economic globalization and population density have positive but statistically insignificant coefficients in the long-run. For the existence of a sustainable ecological system in Turkey, it is necessary to decrease the use of fossil fuel resources, to expand the environment-oriented technologies in production processes, and to implement environmental policies effectively.