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L’écart de chômage entre le Canada et les États-Unis : analyse des divergences entre les hommes et les femmes

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  • Fortin, Mario

    (Département d’économique, Université de Sherbrooke)

Abstract

This paper seeks to identify the source of the persistent gap between Canadian and US unemployment rates and why the gap has widened more for women than for men. A graphical method is proposed to distinguish between employment shocks and changes in the activity rate. The labor market is also separated between categories of workers having different levels of attachment to the labor force, that is between men, women and, in this latter category, between married and non-married women. The analysis shows an unusual increase in the activity rate in Canada between 1972 and 1978 that raised the male unemployment rate by about 2 percentage points and the aggregate unemployment rate by about 3 percentage points. This result is compatible with the expected consequences of the 1971 reform of the unemployment insurance program. Also, the analysis confirms that the unemployment gap has widened more for married women. However, their activity rate has risen faster in Canada until the middle of the eighties. This last fact makes difficult to ascribe sole responsibility for the unemployment gap of this group to the unemployment insurance program. Cette étude tente d’identifier ce qui cause l’écart persistant entre les taux de chômage canadien et américain et les raisons pour lesquelles cet écart s’est accru davantage pour les femmes que pour les hommes. Une méthode graphique est proposée, méthode qui permet de décomposer les variations de l’écart de taux de chômage provenant de chocs sur l’emploi et celles résultant de chocs du taux d’activité. On décompose également le marché du travail selon des catégories de travailleurs et travailleuses ayant des degrés différents d’attachement au marché du travail, soit les hommes et les femmes et, dans ce dernier groupe, entre les femmes non mariées d’une part et les femmes mariées d’autre part. L’analyse fait ressortir une hausse inhabituellement rapide des taux d’activité au Canada entre 1972 et 1978 qui a fait augmenter le taux de chômage des hommes d’environ 2 points de pourcentage et le taux de chômage agrégé d’environ 3 points de pourcentage. Ce résultat est conforme aux conséquences prévisibles de la réforme de 1971 de l’assurance-chômage. Par ailleurs, l’analyse confirme que l’écart de taux de chômage entre les deux pays est plus grand pour les femmes mariées. Cependant, leur taux d’activité a progressé plus rapidement au Canada jusqu’au milieu des années 80. Ce dernier fait rend peu probable la responsabilité unique de l’assurance-chômage dans l’écart de chômage de ce groupe.

Suggested Citation

  • Fortin, Mario, 1994. "L’écart de chômage entre le Canada et les États-Unis : analyse des divergences entre les hommes et les femmes," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 70(3), pages 247-270, septembre.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:actuec:v:70:y:1994:i:3:p:247-270
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    Cited by:

    1. David Gray & Gilles Grenier, 1998. "Jobless Durations of Displaced Workers: A Comparison of Canada and the United States," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 24(s1), pages 152-169, February.
    2. Heisz, Andrew & Baker, Michael & Corak, Miles, 1996. "Unemployment in the Stock and Flow," Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series 1997097e, Statistics Canada, Analytical Studies Branch.

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