La Transformación De Destinos Turísticos En Ciudades: Análisis Del Impacto De Los Procesos De Residencialización De Las Áreas Turísticas De Litoral De Canarias (España)

Resumen:La residencialización se está consolidando progresivamente como uno de los elementos estructurales de las áreas turísticas de litoral de Canarias. Se trata de un proceso por el cual los residentes de las viviendas ubicadas en las parcelas residenciales y de las unidades alojativas extrahoteleras conviven con los turistas. Ello genera importantes transformaciones sociales, demográficas y territoriales de las áreas turísticas de litoral. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es cuantificar la población residente en tales áreas, a través de la estimación de habitantes empadronados. El fin último es poner en evidencia la magnitud que el proceso de la residencialización está adquiriendo en tales ámbitos territoriales.Abstract:The residential area is being consolidated as one of the structural elements of the tourist areas of the Canary Islands (Spain). It is a process whereby the residents of the dwellings located in the residential plots and of the extra-hotel housing units outside the operating unit, live together with the tourists. This is producing the arrival of two types of users to the tourism areas of the Canaries: on the one hand, the residential-tourist or holiday (temporary for leisure reasons), and on the other, the residential (permanent non-tourist demand). This situation creates significant social, demographic and territorial transformations of coastal tourist areas. However, in spite of this relevance, the quantification of the residentialization of the tourist areas of the Canary Islands is complex, given four fundamental problems. The first one is referred to the residentialisation tourist areas of the Canary Islands coastline it encompasses a complex and varied set of processes that are difficult conceptual and statistical delimitation. This is due, among other things, to the very nature and complexity of the multiple modalities of tourist accommodation - residential or real estate services used. Additionally, there is a lack of consensus among researchers to reach agreement on the establishment of possible names, typologies and classification criteria. In addition, the boundaries between residential tourism and migration are not always well defined. The second problem is that the available information is not representative at an intra-municipal level, with the consequent loss of information at an intra-urban level. The third one is related to the fact that the census sections are a source of information of great value fundamentally for two reasons: on the one hand, to be delimited in specific areas by territorial, geographical and / or statistical invariants; And on the other, because they are related to sociodemographic and building characteristics. However, given the criteria used in their delimitations, there is a mismatch between the administrative scale - for which statistical data are available - and the tourist areas. This difficult territorial correspondence between the census (administrative) section and the tourist areas complicates the quantification of its population, although the Sections are the statistical unit of greater detail from which data on population can be obtained in a massive or systematic way. In addition, could be that no homogeneous distribution of the population in the census section. The last problem refers to the fact that these data do not allow us to approach the sociodemographic diversity given its geographical scale. This explains the necessary incorporation of the intra-municipal scale and microanalysis. Taking into account the previous weaknesses, the main objective of this work is to quantify the resident population in such areas, through the estimation of enumerated inhabitants. For this purpose we have chosen the identification of the inhabitants registered by building (housing or establishment of tourist accommodation). So that, a quantitative orientation has been given, based on the cartographic, exploratory and inferential analysis of the variables. This analysis is interrelated with another qualitative one in the methodology implemented. The analysis followed the sequence: data entry project implementation Geographic Information System (GIS) statistical analysis. Thus, taking into account the location of each tourist establishment and dwelling, georeferencing of the registered population in each dwelling or extra-hotel accommodation (apartments, bungalows and villas) has been carried out. Considering that people are linked to the tourist areas, generally, through the formalization of registration, “the Padrón” has been the main source of information. For this reason, we intend to establish the initial basis for generating a predictive model to estimate the patterns of distribution and location of the resident population through statistical studies and cartographic presentations at scale of plots (dwellings and tourist accommodation establishments) using the information by portal. In this paper we have verified the existence of areas where tourist accommodations are combined with residential, mixed (tourist and residential) uses with different types of intensity and other purely residential (permanent or with other ways of residential occupation other than tourist). In this way, the residential processes make residents (citizens) coexist with clients (tourists) of the coastal tourist areas. The patterns of residence identified in the tourist areas of the Canary Islands have contributed not only to the differentiation of their territorial and urban structure in terms of two types of uses, residential and tourist, but also to increase its complexity, bringing it closer to the concept of " city". In this way, its introduce complexity to the specialized territorial areas generated by urban coastal tourism, with its own characteristics, functions and structures and unique forms of planning. The emergence of these tourist-residential processes reveals the competition of land uses, with the consequent mixture of factors of production and consumption in the urban structure. Whereas result from a natural dynamic that is being consolidated in tourist areas, these processes demonstrate their behavior as open and dynamic systems, while dependent on the processing conditions, opportunity or demand for tourism or real estate markets. In this sense, the two identified residential processes are causing a functional specialization of the structure of the tourist areas. These residential patterns are not without problems, because conventional housing is juxtaposed and overlapping with housing and with new tourist and residential-vacation accommodations. This causes the coexistence of users with different needs and desires that make them, in some cases, incompatible: while tourists mainly require leisure items, residents are demanding equipment and infrastructure of the cities. In short, these residential patterns generate important social, demographic and territorial transformations of the coastal tourist areas. In this way, it brings them closer to conventional urban spaces. This should be considered in the design and implementation of policies, programs, plans and projects of regional planning.