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Les conditions de l'endettement des pays de l'Est

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  • Françoise Lemoine

Abstract

[spa] Las condiciones del adeudo de los paises del Este - A fines del año 1977, los siete países del bloque socialista europeo, o sea : la URSS, Bulgaria, Hungria, Polonia, Rumania, Checoeslovaquia y RDA eran globalmente deudores con relación a la OCDE de 55 millones de dólares. Tal adeudo, que se manifesto a principios de los anos del setenta y fué empeorando a partir de 1974, puede explicarse, en primer lugar, por el hundimiento de las balanzas comerciales (con el Oeste) de los países del Este. Hasta 1975, es factible presenciar una patente expansion de las importaciones de productos químicos y manufacturados por parte de esos países, al qual siguió a continuación una racha de compras de maquinaria y equipamientos industriales. Semejante aceleración de las compras (pesé a una evolución favorable al Este de los intercambios) se acompanó despues de 1974 con una ralentizacion de las exportaciones a raiz de una menor demanda occidental y de una muy importante oferta de creditos, según condiciones ventajosas, por parte de la OCDE. Ante esta conjunción de fenómenos, los países del Este fueron contrayendo un adeudo considerable, cuyo reembolso varía en la actualidad entre un 30 % aproximadamente para la URSS y un 100 % para Bulgaria del importe de las exportaciones. Por lo tanto, los pafses del bloque socialista europeo se vieron obligados, desde 1976, a intentar reequilibrar sus balanzas comerciales con el Oeste. Mas un desarrollo de las exportaciones Este-europeas tropiezan con una demanda que permanece moderada por parte de los países industralizados, los que desde hace cinco anos experimentan un crecimiento sumamente ralentizado a raiz de la crisis. [fre] Fin 1977, les sept pays du bloc socialiste européen — à savoir URSS, Bulgarie, Hongrie, Pologne, Roumanie, Tchécoslovaquie et RDA — étaient globalement débiteurs de 55 millions de dollars vis-à-vis de l'OCDE. Cet endettement, apparu au début des années 1970 et notablement aggravé à partir de 1974, s'explique au premier chef par l'effondrement des balances commerciales (avec l'Ouest) des pays de l'Est. Jusqu'en 1975, on assiste à un réel essor des importations par ces pays de produits chimiques et manufacturés, poursuivi ensuite par un emballement des achats de machines et équipements industriels. Une telle accélération des achats (malgré une évolution des termes de l'échange favorable à l'Est) s'est accompagnée depuis 1974 d'un ralentissement des exportations, dû à une moindre demande occidentale, et d'une offre de crédits très importante, à des conditions avantageuses, de la part de l'OCDE. Devant cette conjonction de phénomènes, les pays de l'Est ont donc contracté un fort endettement, dont le remboursement varie actuellement de 30 % environ (pour l'URSS) à 100 % (pour la Bulgarie) du montant des exportations. En conséquence, les pays du bloc socialiste européen ont été amenés, dès 1976, à tenter de rééquilibrer leurs balances commerciales avec l'Ouest. Mais un développement des exportations Est- européennes se heurte à une demande toujours modérée de la part de pays industrialisés qui depuis cinq ans voient leur croissance très ralentie par la crise. [eng] The State of the Foreign Debt in Eastern Europe - At the end of 1977, the seven countries of the European socialist block — the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia — taken together, owed 55 million dollars to the OECD. This debt, which began in the early 1970's and started to rise substantially as of 1974, is primarily due to the collapse of their trade balance with the West. Until 1975, their importations of chemical products and manufactured goods soared, and this was followed by a burst of machine and industrial equipment purchasing. This sudden acceleration of buying (in spite of the evolution of trading conditions favorable to Eastern Countries) has been accompanied since 1974 by a slow-down in exportations, due to a decreased demand in the West, as well as by a substantial increase in the supply of credit, at advantageous rates, provided by the OECD. The Eastern European countries have reacted to this conjunction of circumstances by contracting a considerable debt, whose rate of repayment varies from roughly 30 % (for the USSR) to 100 % (for Bulgaria) of the amount. Consequently, the countries of the Eastern European block began, in 1976, to try to reestablish their trade balance with the West. However, the development of Eastern European exports is still hampered by the low demand on the part of the industrialized nations whose growth has been slowed down significantly by the economic crisis over the past five years.

Suggested Citation

  • Françoise Lemoine, 1979. "Les conditions de l'endettement des pays de l'Est," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 116(1), pages 31-41.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1979_num_116_1_4202
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1979.4202
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1979.4202
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    1. Michel Aglietta & André Orléan & Gilles Oudiz, 1980. "L'industrie française face aux contraintes de change," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 119(1), pages 35-63.

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