Validating Gastronomy as a Distinct Tourism Typology: A Meta-Synthesis Systematic Review

This study examines the intellectual development of gastronomy tourism as a distinct typology within the tourism discipline. Through a meta-synthesis of 63 peer-reviewed articles published between 1998 and 2025, the research identifies six major thematic clusters: cultural heritage, experiential practices, economic entrepreneurship, sustainability integration, social identity, and technological innovation. These clusters reveal how gastronomy has evolved beyond its traditional role as a cultural complement into a central driver of destination identity, competitiveness, and policy. The study also introduces a three-stage development model of recognition, integration, and specialization that describes how destinations institutionalize gastronomy tourism over time. Findings show that gastronomy engages in multiple dimensions: it preserves heritage, enhances visitor experience, stimulates local economies, promotes sustainability, strengthens community belonging, and adapts to digital platforms. This multi-dimensionality supports the argument that gastronomy has matured into a distinct tourism typology. The study contributes theoretically by synthesizing fragmented literature and practically by offering a framework for policymakers, destination planners, and entrepreneurs to integrate gastronomy strategically.