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Rubber Hand Illusion under Delayed Visual Feedback

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  • Sotaro Shimada
  • Kensuke Fukuda
  • Kazuo Hiraki

Abstract

Background: Rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a subject's illusion of the self-ownership of a rubber hand that was touched synchronously with their own hand. Although previous studies have confirmed that this illusion disappears when the rubber hand was touched asynchronously with the subject's hand, the minimum temporal discrepancy of these two events for attenuation of RHI has not been examined. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, various temporal discrepancies between visual and tactile stimulations were introduced by using a visual feedback delay experimental setup, and RHI effects in each temporal discrepancy condition were systematically tested. The results showed that subjects felt significantly greater RHI effects with temporal discrepancies of less than 300 ms compared with longer temporal discrepancies. The RHI effects on reaching performance (proprioceptive drift) showed similar conditional differences. Conclusions/Significance: Our results first demonstrated that a temporal discrepancy of less than 300 ms between visual stimulation of the rubber hand and tactile stimulation to the subject's own hand is preferable to induce strong sensation of RHI. We suggest that the time window of less than 300 ms is critical for multi-sensory integration processes constituting the self-body image.

Suggested Citation

  • Sotaro Shimada & Kensuke Fukuda & Kazuo Hiraki, 2009. "Rubber Hand Illusion under Delayed Visual Feedback," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 4(7), pages 1-5, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0006185
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006185
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    Cited by:

    1. Jing Zhang & Xianjie Ping & Wei Chen & Da Dong, 2024. "Beyond substantiality and illusion: the problem of the self in Buddhist constructivism," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-8, December.
    2. Sophie Smit & Anina N Rich & Regine Zopf, 2019. "Visual body form and orientation cues do not modulate visuo-tactile temporal integration," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(12), pages 1-20, December.
    3. H. Henrik Ehrsson & Aikaterini Fotopoulou & Dominika Radziun & Matthew R. Longo & Manos Tsakiris, 2022. "No specific relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and the rubber hand illusion," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-3, December.
    4. Loes C J van Dam & Josie R Stephens, 2018. "Effects of prolonged exposure to feedback delay on the qualitative subjective experience of virtual reality," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(10), pages 1-20, October.
    5. Seito Matsubara & Sohei Wakisaka & Kazuma Aoyama & Katie Seaborn & Atsushi Hiyama & Masahiko Inami, 2020. "Perceptual simultaneity and its modulation during EMG-triggered motion induction with electrical muscle stimulation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-20, August.

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