Social valuation of urban ecosystem services using the SolVES model: a case study of Dalian City

This study evaluates and quantifies the social values of aesthetic, biodiversity, and cultural significance in the urban ecosystems of five districts in Dalian, based on the subjective perceptions and preferences of various respondents. Utilizing the Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model, the research analyzes the spatial distribution of these social values and investigates the factors influencing them. The findings indicate that: (1) Respondents show a pronounced preference for aesthetic, cultural, biodiversity, and ecological sustainability values, while expressing lower interest in recreational, educational, spiritual, and therapeutic values. (2) The spatial distribution of peak values for each social value type is uneven, with aesthetic values covering the largest area, whereas other values have more limited distributions; spiritual and therapeutic values exhibit particularly insignificant spatial extents. (3) Each social value type demonstrates a distinct spatial clustering pattern, with significant correlations between hotspots and coldspots for different values. For instance, respondents who prioritize aesthetic values also tend to appreciate biodiversity, recreational, spiritual, and therapeutic values. Similarly, those who value cultural significance often show an interest in educational and bio-sustainability values. (4) Respondents prefer areas with appealing hydrophilic landscapes, convenient transportation, low elevation, and gentle slopes, as these characteristics are more conducive to recreation and relaxation. Understanding the social valuation of Dalian’s urban ecosystems provides valuable insights for city managers and planners to inform spatial planning and optimize resource allocation and utilization efficiently.