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Abstract
The paper catalogs and analyzes the fiscal policy content of financial programs under the 105 stand-by arrangements in the upper credit tranches approved by the Fund's Executive Board in the ten years to 1978. A growing tendency toward use of a fiscal performance clause was observed, with the most usual clauses being the use of bank credit by the government or the size of the overall budget balance. Evidence is presented indicating a close association between observance of the fiscal performance clause and observance of the overall bank credit ceiling. Data and discussion are included on whether most unsuccessful financial programs fail because of inadequate fiscal policies. In support of the fiscal performance clauses, practically all programs contained revenue and expenditure forecasts, sometimes indicated as policy targets. Regarding fiscal results, the paper notes the increasing tendency for expenditures to be understated, and for the overall budget deficit to be exceeded, during the decade reviewed. The data indicated that it was possible to raise the revenue ratio by one or two percentage points during the program period in many cases; there were not many instances in which a larger increase was achieved. Few programs aimed at expenditure reductions, but in some cases large reductions were achieved. The paper also reviews particular fiscal policy intentions and comments on their effectiveness from the viewpoint of short-run stabilization. Included are observations relating to tax policy adjustments taken before the start of the program and during its course, efforts to improve tax administration, adaptations to the tax system in the context of inflation, aspirations to constrain current government expenditures while planning expansion in capital outlays, policies with respect to particular expenditure programs and projects, and efforts to secure a contribution by nonfinancial public enterprises to the stabilization effort. /// Dans la présente étude, les auteurs répertorient et analysent, du point de vue des finances publiques, les programmes financiers soutenus par 105 accords de confirmation portant sur les tranches de crédit supérieures et approuvés par le Conseil d'administration entre 1969 et 1978. Ils constatent une tendance croissante à inclure une clause relative à la réalisation d'objectifs de finances publiques, les clauses les plus fréquemment employées portant sur le recours de l'Etat au crédit bancaire ou sur le montant du solde budgétaire global. Une relation étroite est mise en évidence entre l'observation de la clause relative aux objectifs de finances publiques et le respect du plafond sur le crédit bancaire global. Les auteurs cherchent à déterminer, à l'aide de données et d'analyses, si les échecs de programmes financiers sont attribuables, dans la plupart des cas, à des politiques de finances publiques inappropriées. A l'appui des clauses relatives à la réalisation d'objectifs de finances publiques, presque tous les programmes ont comporté des prévisions de recettes et de dépenses, qui ont été parfois fixées comme objectifs de politique économique. En ce qui concerne les résultats obtenus dans le domaine des finances publiques, les auteurs constatent, durant la décennie étudiée, une tendance de plus en plus marquée à sous-estimer les dépenses et à dépasser le déficit budgétaire global prévu. Les données indiquent que dans de nombreux cas il a été possible d'accroître le ratio entre les recettes et le produit national brut d'un ou deux points de pourcentage pendant la période couverte par le programme; de plus forts accroissements ont rarement été enregistrés. Peu de programmes visaient à réduire les dépenses, mais dans certains cas d'importantes réductions ont été obtenues. Les auteurs examinent également certaines déclarations d'intention des autorités en matière de finances publiques et évaluent leur efficacité du point de vue de la stabilisation à court terme. Leurs observations portent notamment sur les ajustements de nature fiscale effectués avant l'entrée en vigueur du programme et pendant son application, les efforts déployés pour améliorer l'administration fiscale, les adaptations du régime fiscal au contexte de l'inflation, le désir de restreindre les dépenses courantes de l'Etat tout en planifiant une augmentation des dépenses d'investissement, les mesures accompagnant des programmes et des projets de dépenses spécifiques, enfin les efforts visant à assurer une contribution des entreprises publiques non financières au processus de stabilisation. /// En el trabajo se clasifican y analizan los componentes de polÃtica fiscal de los programas financieros correspondientes a los 105 acuerdos de derecho de giro en los tramos superiores de crédito aprobados por el Directorio Ejecutivo en el decenio que finalizó en 1978. Se observó una tendencia creciente a utilizar cláusulas relativas al comportamiento fiscal, siendo las más usuales las relativas al uso del crédito bancario por el gobierno o a la magnitud del saldo presupuestario global. Se presentan casos que demuestran una estrecha relación entre el cumplimiento de las cláusulas de comportamiento fiscal y el cumplimiento del tope al crédito bancario global. Se incluyen asimismo estadÃsticas y consideraciones respecto de si la mayorÃa de los programas financieros que fracasaron lo hicieron debido a polÃticas fiscales inadecuadas. En respaldo de las cláusulas relativas al comportamiento fiscal, en casi todos los programas figuran previsiones del ingreso y el gasto, señaladas a veces como metas. En lo atinente a los resultados fiscales, en el trabajo se hace notar la tendencia creciente, registrada en el decenio examinado, a subestimar el gasto y sobrepasar el déficit presupuestario global. Los datos indicaron que en muchos casos fue posible elevar la razón ingreso/PNB en uno o dos puntos porcentuales durante el perÃodo del programa; no hubo muchos programas en los cuales se alcanzara un aumento mayor. En pocos programas se fijó como objetivo la reducción del gasto, aunque en algunos casos se lograron disminuciones significativas. En el trabajo se examinan también ciertas intenciones de polÃtica fiscal y se comenta sobre su eficacia desde el punto de vista de la estabilización a corto plazo. Se presentan además observaciones relativas a los ajustes de polÃtica tributaria efectuados antes y durante el transcurso del programa, esfuerzos para mejorar la administración tributaria, adecuaciones del sistema tributario a una situación inflacionaria, aspiraciones a restringir el gasto público corriente planificando a la vez la expansión de los gastos de capital, polÃticas con respecto a determinados programas y proyectos relativos al gasto y esfuerzos para conseguir una contribución de las empresas públicas no financieras al programa de estabilización.
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Cited by:
- Dreher, Axel, 2006.
"IMF and economic growth: The effects of programs, loans, and compliance with conditionality,"
World Development, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 769-788, May.
- Axel Dreher, 2004.
"IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality,"
International Finance
0404004, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 13 Aug 2005.
- Axel Dreher, 2004.
"IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality,"
TWI Research Paper Series
1, Thurgauer Wirtschaftsinstitut, Universität Konstanz.
- Dreher, Axel, 2005.
"IMF and Economic Growth: The Effects of Programs, Loans, and Compliance with Conditionality,"
Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Kiel 2005
11, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.
- Michael Hutchison, 2003.
"A Cure Worse Than the Disease? Currency Crises and the Output Costs of IMF-Supported Stabilization Programs,"
NBER Chapters, in: Managing Currency Crises in Emerging Markets, pages 321-359,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Michael M. Hutchison, "undated".
"A Cure Worse Than The Disease? Currency Crises and the Output Costs of IMF-Supported Stabilization Programs,"
EPRU Working Paper Series
01-09, Economic Policy Research Unit (EPRU), University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics.
- Michael M. Hutchison, 2001.
"A cure worse than the disease? currency crises and the output costs of IMF-supported stabilization programs,"
Pacific Basin Working Paper Series
2001-02, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Michael M. Hutchison, 2001.
"A Cure Worse Than the Disease? Currency Crises and the Output Costs of IMF-Supported Stabilization Programs,"
NBER Working Papers
8305, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Glen Biglaiser & Karl DeRouen, 2011.
"How soon is now? The effects of the IMF on economic reforms in Latin America,"
The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 6(2), pages 189-213, July.
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