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The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas: A Survey (La théorie des zones monétaires optimales: étude) (La teoría de las zonas monetarias óptimas: Un examen)

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  • Yoshihide Ishiyama

    (International Monetary Fund)

Abstract

In view of the asymmetry in the real world, a separate currency and a flexible exchange rate for each country may not be advantageous. What is the appropriate domain of a currency area, then? The traditional approach tries to single out a certain economic characteristic to answer the question. Proposed criteria include mobility of factors of production, share of tradables in production, product diversification, degree of financial and policy integration, and similarity in rates of inflation. These criteria have various difficulties. Labor mobility is not an adequate substitute for exchange rate variation in view of the general lack of international mobility; nor is the high share of tradables a compelling reason for having a fixed parity. A fixed parity implies price stability only when world economic environment is stable--an invalid assumption in the 1970s. An alternative, cost-benefit approach compares benefits of fixed exchange rates--such as the stability of the value of a currency and elimination of speculation--with costs such as the loss of independent monetary policy, the worsening of the unemployment-inflation relationship, and so on. It is suggested that the costs of abandoning an exchange rate policy are very high. After reviewing various criteria, one would conclude that, despite some academic contributions, the theory of currency areas offers little for solving the practical problems of exchange rate policy in small countries and of monetary reform. Small countries are now becoming increasingly diversified in their trade with large countries. Pegging to a basket of currencies is a more rational policy. /// Du fait que les zones politiques et économiques se partagent le monde de manière asymétrique, il n'est peut-être pas souhaitable que chaque pays possède sa propre monnaie et pratique un taux de change variable. Quel est dans ce cas le domaine qu'il faut assigner à une zone monétaire? Pour répondre à cette question, la méthode traditionnelle consiste à isoler un certain critère économique. Parmi les critères proposés, on peut citer la mobilité des facteurs de production, la proportion des "échangeables" (biens exportables et importables) dans la production, la diversification de la production, le degré d'intégration en matière de finances et de politique monétaire et l'analogie des taux d'inflation. L'application de ces critères soulève diverses difficultés. La mobilité de la main-d'oeuvre ne peut pas se substituer adéquatement à la variation des taux de change à cause du manque général de mobilité sur le plan international; une forte proportion de biens échangeables n'est pas non plus une raison impérative pour adopter une parité fixe. Une parité fixe n'entraîne une stabilisation des prix que si le contexte économique mondial est luimême stable, hypothèse non valable pendant les années 1970. Une solution de rechange, la méthode des avantages et des inconvénients, consiste à comparer les avantages d'un taux de change fixe -- tels que la stabilité de la valeur d'une monnaie et l'élimination de la spéculation -- avec certains inconvénients, tels que l'absence de politique monétaire autonome, la détérioration du rapport chômage-inflation, et ainsi de suite. Nous sommes d'avis que l'abandon d'une politique de taux de change est une décision qui se paye très cher. L'examen de différents critères permettrait de conclure que, malgré l'intérêt qu'elle présente sur le plan de la recherche, la théorie des zones monétaires n'aide guère à résoudre les problèmes pratiques que soulève une réforme monétaire ou une politique de taux de change appliquée par un petit pays. Les échanges commerciaux entre petits et grands pays se diversifient de plus en plus. L'indexation d'une monnaie sur un "panier" de monnaies apparaît comme une politique plus rationnelle. /// Dada la asimetría del mundo real, quizá no sea ventajoso que cada país tenga una moneda distina y un tipo de cambio flexible. ¿Cuál es entonces el ámbito apropiado de una zona monetaria? En las respuestas presentadas en la tesis tradicional se trata de singularizar una determinada característica económica. Se proponen criterios como movilidad de los factores de producción, proporción de ésta que es objeto de intercambio comercial, diversificación de los productos, grado de integración financiera y de la formulación de políticas, y similitud en cuanto a tasas de inflación. Estos criterios presentan varias dificultades. La movilidad de la mano de obra no es un sustituto adecuado de la variación de los tipos de cambio teniendo en cuenta que en general no hay movilidad internacional; una elevada proporción de productos objeto de intercambio tampoco constituye una razón imperiosa para mantener una paridad fija, que significa estabilidad de precios sólo si el ambiente económico mundial es estable, supuesto que carece de validez en la década de 1970. En otro método alternativo de costos-beneficios se comparan los beneficios de los tipos de cambio fijos --tales como estabilidad del valor de una moneda y erradicación de la especulación-- con los costos tales como renuncia a una política monetaria, empeoramiento de la relación desempleo-inflación, etc. Se sugiere que el costo de abandonar la política de tipos de cambio es muy elevado. Después de analizar diversos criterios, se llegaría a la conclusión de que, pese a algunas proposiciones académicas presentadas, la teoría de las zonas monetarias ofrece pocas soluciones para resolver los problemas prácticos que presenta la política de tipos de cambio en países pequeños y la reforma monetaria. En la actualidad se diversifica cada vez más el comercio de los países pequeños con los grandes. Una política más racional es vincular el tipo de cambio a una cesta de monedas.

Suggested Citation

  • Yoshihide Ishiyama, 1975. "The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas: A Survey (La théorie des zones monétaires optimales: étude) (La teoría de las zonas monetarias óptimas: Un examen)," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 22(2), pages 344-383, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:22:y:1975:i:2:p:344-383
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    1. Beckmann, Rainer & Hebler, Martin & Kösters, Wim & Neimke, Markus, 2000. "Theoretische Konzepte zum Europäischen Integrationsprozeß: Ein aktueller Überblick [Theoretical concepts for the process of European integration: A current overview]," MPRA Paper 35703, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Agénor, Pierre-Richard & Aizenman, Joshua, 2011. "Capital market imperfections and the theory of optimum currency areas," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(8), pages 1659-1675.
    3. Raúl Ramos & Miquel Clar & Jordi Suriñach, 1999. "Specialisation in Europe and Asymmetric Shocks: Potential Risks of EMU," Advances in Spatial Science, in: Manfred M. Fischer & Peter Nijkamp (ed.), Spatial Dynamics of European Integration, chapter 4, pages 63-93, Springer.
    4. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/f4rshpf3v1umfa09lat1n0o44 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Weimann, Marco, 2002. "OCA theory and EMU eastern enlargement: An empirical application," Dresden Discussion Paper Series in Economics 07/02, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Business and Economics, Department of Economics.
    6. David Khoudour-Casteras, 2005. "Migrations internationales, régimes de change et politiques sociales : un nouveau trilemme de politique économique ?," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/f4rshpf3v1u, Sciences Po.
    7. Horvath, Julius, 2003. "Optimum currency area theory: A selective review," BOFIT Discussion Papers 15/2003, Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies (BOFIT).
    8. Mohamed Sfia, 2011. "The choice of exchange rate regimes in the MENA countries: a probit analysis," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 8(3), pages 275-305, September.
    9. Stamatopoulos Theodoros, 2005. "Trade Balance and Exchange-Rate for a Small Open Economy during the EMS: The Hellenic Case 1983:1-1995:12," International Finance 0505012, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Constantinos Alexiou & Joseph Nellis, 2012. "Is the EURO' a Defunct Currency?," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 2(3), pages 296-303.
    11. Mkenda, Beatrice Kalinda, 2001. "Is East Africa an Optimum Currency Area?," Working Papers in Economics 41, University of Gothenburg, Department of Economics.
    12. Louis Sevitenyi Nkwatoh & Yahya Zakari Abdullahi & Chika Usman Aliyu, 2019. "Past and Current European Monetary Union Crises: Lessons for the Envisaged West African Monetary Union," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 9(4), pages 50-59.
    13. Sergey Drobyshevsky & Dmitri Polevoy, 2004. "Problems Associated with Creation of a Single Currency Zone in the CIS Countries," Research Paper Series, Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy, issue 80P, pages 110-110.

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