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Cofinancing in Environment and Development: Evidence from the Global Environment Facility

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  • Matthew J Kotchen
  • Neeraj Kumar Negi

Abstract

Leveraged cofinancing has emerged as a policy priority among international environment and development agencies. We study the determinants and impacts of cofinancing using a comprehensive data set from the GEF on 3,269 projects from 1991 through 2014, along with detailed ex post evaluations of more than 650 completed projects. We find that greater emphasis on cofinancing will tend to favor projects that are larger, less global in reach, focused on climate change, in countries with better governance, and led by certain multilateral development banks. A push towards more private sector involvement and loans, rather than grant financing, will tend to encourage projects with similar characteristics. Greater cofinancing results in better ex post evaluations, but projects executed by the private sector tend to achieve lower ratings. The results provide insight into how agencies can promote cofinancing and into how greater emphasis on cofinancing, private sector involvement, and nongrant instruments may implicitly shift environment and development priorities, as well as project outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew J Kotchen & Neeraj Kumar Negi, 2019. "Cofinancing in Environment and Development: Evidence from the Global Environment Facility," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 33(1), pages 41-62.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:wbecrv:v:33:y:2019:i:1:p:41-62.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/wber/lhw048
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    Cited by:

    1. Halit Gonenc & Bert Scholtens, 2019. "Responsibility and Performance Relationship in the Banking Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-49, June.
    2. Arth Mishra, 2023. "The infrastructure catalyst: analysing the impact of development finance institutions on private infrastructure financing in developing countries," CSAE Working Paper Series 2023-13, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
    3. Kotchen, Matthew J. & Vogt, Andrew, 2025. "Is the emphasis on cofinancing good for environmental multilateral funds?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    4. Florian Léon, 2025. "Blended Binds: How DFI's support programs stifle bank lending in Africa," Post-Print hal-05016568, HAL.
    5. Lu, Yangsiyu & Springer, Cecilia & Steffen, Bjarne, 2024. "Cofinancing and infrastructure project outcomes in Chinese lending and overseas development finance," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    6. Léon, Florian, 2025. "Blended Binds: How DFI's support programs stifle bank lending in Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).

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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • Q01 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - General - - - Sustainable Development
    • Q2 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming

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