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Climatic Change and Agricultural Exhaustion as Elements in the Fall of Rome

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  • Ellsworth Huntington

Abstract

I. Decline in Roman agriculture, 173. — Contrasted views, 175. — Liebig and Simkhovitch on exhaustion of soil, 176. — Conrad on climatic change, 177. — II. Four climatic hypotheses: (1) Uniformity, 178. — Geological view, 178. — Historical view, 179. — Ancient famines, 180. — Water works, 181. — Cyrene, 181. — Ilandarin, 182. — Ancient vegetation and crops, 183. — (2) Local changes and deforestation, 185. — (3) Progressive change in one direction, 185. — (4) Pulsatory or irregular changes, 186. — III. Caspian Sea, 186. — California lakes and trees, 188. — Palmyra as an example of effect of climatic changes, 188. — Nature of such changes, 189. — Dates of changes in old world and new, 191. — IV. Historical effects of changes: (1) Economic results, agriculture, forests, cattle, 194. — (2) Political results, taxation, barbarian invasion, 198. — (3) Biological results, elimination of Nordics, increase of malaria, decline of physical energy, 201. — V. Climate and civilization, 204. — Conclusion, 207.

Suggested Citation

  • Ellsworth Huntington, 1917. "Climatic Change and Agricultural Exhaustion as Elements in the Fall of Rome," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 31(2), pages 173-208.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:31:y:1917:i:2:p:173-208.
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    Cited by:

    1. Marshall Burke & Solomon M. Hsiang & Edward Miguel, 2015. "Climate and Conflict," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 7(1), pages 577-617, August.
    2. Antonio Cabrales & Manu García & David Ramos Muñoz & Angel Sánchez, 2022. "The Interactions of Social Norms about Climate Change: Science, Institutions and Economics," CESifo Working Paper Series 9905, CESifo.
    3. Richard S. J. Tol, 2021. "The Economic Impact of Climate in the Long Run," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Anil Markandya & Dirk Rübbelke (ed.), CLIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT, chapter 1, pages 3-36, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    4. Pezzey, John C. V. & Anderies, John M., 2003. "The effect of subsistence on collapse and institutional adaptation in population-resource societies," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 299-320, October.
    5. Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta & Stefano Ghinoi & Matteo Masotti & Francesco Silvestri, 2021. "Economics research and climate change. A Scopus-based bibliometric investigation," SEEDS Working Papers 0321, SEEDS, Sustainability Environmental Economics and Dynamics Studies, revised Apr 2021.
    6. José A. Carrasco-Gallego, 2020. "Real Estate, Economic Stability and the New Macro-Financial Policies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-19, December.
    7. Alan Ingham & Jie Ma & Alistair Ulph, 2013. "Can adaptation and mitigation be complements?," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 120(1), pages 39-53, September.

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