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Does gender matter for trade policy? Evidence from contingent protection

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  • Catherine Bros
  • Julie Lochard
  • Neha B Upadhayay

Abstract

Do female heads of government make different policy choices? In this article, we show that gender matters in the definition of international trade policy. We focus on an increasingly used instrument of trade policy, namely contingent protection, that is decided unilaterally by governments. Using panel data covering 149 countries over the period 1995–2019, we provide evidence that female heads of government have been significantly more intensive users of contingent protection. Our results suggest that this gender effect is unlikely to stem from gendered preferences against free trade but rather from an incentive for female heads of government to overcome gender stereotypes in international relations.

Suggested Citation

  • Catherine Bros & Julie Lochard & Neha B Upadhayay, 2025. "Does gender matter for trade policy? Evidence from contingent protection," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 77(3), pages 771-789.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:oxecpp:v:77:y:2025:i:3:p:771-789.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/oep/gpae047
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • H10 - Public Economics - - Structure and Scope of Government - - - General

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