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The inflammatory reflex

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  • Kevin J. Tracey

    (Laboratory of Biomedical Science, North Shore-LIJ Research Institute)

Abstract

Inflammation is a local, protective response to microbial invasion or injury. It must be fine-tuned and regulated precisely, because deficiencies or excesses of the inflammatory response cause morbidity and shorten lifespan. The discovery that cholinergic neurons inhibit acute inflammation has qualitatively expanded our understanding of how the nervous system modulates immune responses. The nervous system reflexively regulates the inflammatory response in real time, just as it controls heart rate and other vital functions. The opportunity now exists to apply this insight to the treatment of inflammation through selective and reversible 'hard-wired' neural systems. “The mind has great influence over the body, and maladies often have their origin there.” Molière (1622–1673).

Suggested Citation

  • Kevin J. Tracey, 2002. "The inflammatory reflex," Nature, Nature, vol. 420(6917), pages 853-859, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:nature:v:420:y:2002:i:6917:d:10.1038_nature01321
    DOI: 10.1038/nature01321
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    Cited by:

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    5. Lorenzo Carnevale & Marialuisa Perrotta & Giuseppe Lembo, 2018. "Microneurography of Peripheral Nerves in Mice: An Old Approach Applied to the Novel Concept of Neural Modulation of Immune Organs in Cardiovascular Diseases," Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Biomedical Research Network+, LLC, vol. 2(5), pages 2843-2845, February.
    6. Gerald A Cheadle & Todd W Costantini & Nicole Lopez & Vishal Bansal & Brian P Eliceiri & Raul Coimbra, 2013. "Enteric Glia Cells Attenuate Cytomix-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Breakdown," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(7), pages 1-1, July.
    7. Lola Rueda Ruzafa & José Luis Cedillo & Arik J. Hone, 2021. "Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Involvement in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Interactions with Gut Microbiota," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-19, January.
    8. Daniela Lucini & Massimo Pagani, 2021. "Exercise Prescription to Foster Health and Well-Being: A Behavioral Approach to Transform Barriers into Opportunities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-22, January.
    9. Vincent Grote & Matthias Frühwirth & Helmut K. Lackner & Nandu Goswami & Markus Köstenberger & Rudolf Likar & Maximilian Moser, 2021. "Cardiorespiratory Interaction and Autonomic Sleep Quality Improve during Sleep in Beds Made from Pinus cembra (Stone Pine) Solid Wood," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-20, September.
    10. Giorgio Noera & Alfio Bertolini, 2020. "Novel Treatments for Multiple Organ Failure- A Brief Account of Enthusiasms, Disappointments and Neglect," Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Biomedical Research Network+, LLC, vol. 29(5), pages 22900-22906, August.
    11. Ruben Zamora & Sebastian Korff & Qi Mi & Derek Barclay & Lukas Schimunek & Riccardo Zucca & Xerxes D Arsiwalla & Richard L Simmons & Paul Verschure & Timothy R Billiar & Yoram Vodovotz, 2018. "A computational analysis of dynamic, multi-organ inflammatory crosstalk induced by endotoxin in mice," PLOS Computational Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(11), pages 1-16, November.
    12. Zogopoulos Panagiotis & Venetikidis Anastasios & Vretakos Georgios & Rologis Dimitrios & Karavis Miltiades & Theocharis Stamatios, 2017. "Acupuncture- Mediated Activation of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway- A Review of the Literature," Open Access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Juniper Publishers Inc., vol. 2(2), pages 21-23, January.
    13. Zheng-Liang Peng & Liang-Wei Huang & Jian Yin & Ke-Na Zhang & Kang Xiao & Guo-Zhong Qing, 2018. "Association between early serum cholinesterase activity and 30-day mortality in sepsis-3 patients: A retrospective cohort study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(8), pages 1-14, August.
    14. Eleonora Pagani & Naomi Gavazzoni & Giuseppina Bernardelli & Mara Malacarne & Nadia Solaro & Emanuele Giusti & Gianluca Castelnuovo & Piero Volpi & Giulia Carimati & Daniela Lucini, 2023. "Psychological Intervention Based on Mental Relaxation to Manage Stress in Female Junior Elite Soccer Team: Improvement in Cardiac Autonomic Control, Perception of Stress and Overall Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-12, January.
    15. Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg & Grace Branjerdporn & Sam Adhikary & Susannah Johnson & Kevin Ashton & John Headrick, 2022. "Environmental Stressors and the PINE Network: Can Physical Environmental Stressors Drive Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Risks?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-19, October.

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