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3D structure and dynamics of Campi Flegrei enhance multi-hazard assessment

Author

Listed:
  • G. Landro

    (University of Naples ‘Federico II’)

  • T. Vanorio

    (Stanford University)

  • T. Muzellec

    (University of Naples ‘Federico II’
    University of Vienna)

  • G. Russo

    (University of Naples ‘Federico II’)

  • A. Lomax

    (ALomax Scientific)

  • J. Virieux

    (Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS)

  • A. Zollo

    (University of Naples ‘Federico II’)

Abstract

Campi Flegrei is an active caldera in a populated area, currently experiencing significant ground uplift and seismicity. Leveraging seismicity relocations, here we obtain high resolution, 3D P- and S-wave seismic images which we combine with a tailored rock physics experiment to define key features of the caldera’s structure: gas-rich reservoir below 2 km depth, deformed caprock at 1–2 km depth, and basement below 3.5 km depth. Seismicity migrates downwards from the caprock and changes in stress loading trigger deeper, higher events along the inner-caldera boundary faults. The reservoir closely correlates the area of maximum uplift, where deformation acceleration due to pore-fluid pressure is corroborated by laboratory experiments using site-relevant rock. The interaction between the pressurized gas-reservoir and the confining caprock drives the ground uplift. Our results indicate that seismic activity and the potential for a phreatic explosion should be considered as plausible scenarios, prompting a re-evaluation of the hazard assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • G. Landro & T. Vanorio & T. Muzellec & G. Russo & A. Lomax & J. Virieux & A. Zollo, 2025. "3D structure and dynamics of Campi Flegrei enhance multi-hazard assessment," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-59821-z
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59821-z
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