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A monolithically integrated optical Ising machine

Author

Listed:
  • Bo Wu

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)

  • Wenkai Zhang

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)

  • Shiji Zhang

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)

  • Hailong Zhou

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)

  • Zhichao Ruan

    (Zhejiang University)

  • Ming Li

    (Chinese Academy of Sciences)

  • Dongmei Huang

    (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University)

  • Jianji Dong

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)

  • Xinliang Zhang

    (Huazhong University of Science and Technology)

Abstract

The growing demand for enhanced computational power and energy efficiency has driven the development of optical Ising machines for solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, existing implementations face challenges in integration density and energy efficiency. Here, we propose a monolithically integrated four-spin Ising machine based on optoelectronic coupled oscillators. This system integrates a custom-designed Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) symmetric matrix with a high-efficiency optical-electrical coupled (OEC) nonlinear unit. The OEC unit has an ultra-compact 0.01 mm² footprint and achieves a power efficiency of 4 mW per unit, ensuring scalability. The reconfigurable real-valued coupling matrix achieves a mean fidelity of 0.986. The spin evolution time is measured as 150 ns, with a 1.71 ns round-trip time confirmed through bandwidth measurements. The system successfully finds ground states for various four-spin Ising problems, demonstrating its effectiveness. This work represents a significant step toward monolithic integration of all-optical physical annealing systems, minimizing footprint, power consumption, and convergence time.

Suggested Citation

  • Bo Wu & Wenkai Zhang & Shiji Zhang & Hailong Zhou & Zhichao Ruan & Ming Li & Dongmei Huang & Jianji Dong & Xinliang Zhang, 2025. "A monolithically integrated optical Ising machine," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-59537-0
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59537-0
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Masoud Babaeian & Dan T. Nguyen & Veysi Demir & Mehmetcan Akbulut & Pierre-A Blanche & Yushi Kaneda & Saikat Guha & Mark A. Neifeld & N. Peyghambarian, 2019. "A single shot coherent Ising machine based on a network of injection-locked multicore fiber lasers," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-11, December.
    2. Charles Roques-Carmes & Yichen Shen & Cristian Zanoci & Mihika Prabhu & Fadi Atieh & Li Jing & Tena Dubček & Chenkai Mao & Miles R. Johnson & Vladimir Čeperić & John D. Joannopoulos & Dirk Englund & M, 2020. "Heuristic recurrent algorithms for photonic Ising machines," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-8, December.
    3. Fabian Böhm & Guy Verschaffelt & Guy Van der Sande, 2019. "A poor man’s coherent Ising machine based on opto-electronic feedback systems for solving optimization problems," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, December.
    4. Shiyue Hua & Erwan Divita & Shanshan Yu & Bo Peng & Charles Roques-Carmes & Zhan Su & Zhang Chen & Yanfei Bai & Jinghui Zou & Yunpeng Zhu & Yelong Xu & Cheng-kuan Lu & Yuemiao Di & Hui Chen & Lushan J, 2025. "An integrated large-scale photonic accelerator with ultralow latency," Nature, Nature, vol. 640(8058), pages 361-367, April.
    5. Yoshitomo Okawachi & Mengjie Yu & Jae K. Jang & Xingchen Ji & Yun Zhao & Bok Young Kim & Michal Lipson & Alexander L. Gaeta, 2020. "Demonstration of chip-based coupled degenerate optical parametric oscillators for realizing a nanophotonic spin-glass," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-7, December.
    6. Fabian Böhm & Diego Alonso-Urquijo & Guy Verschaffelt & Guy Van der Sande, 2022. "Noise-injected analog Ising machines enable ultrafast statistical sampling and machine learning," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-13, December.
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