IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/nat/natcom/v14y2023i1d10.1038_s41467-023-36508-x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Spectral sensitivity near exceptional points as a resource for hardware encryption

Author

Listed:
  • Minye Yang

    (University of Illinois Chicago)

  • Liang Zhu

    (University of Illinois Chicago)

  • Qi Zhong

    (Michigan Technological University)

  • Ramy El-Ganainy

    (Michigan Technological University
    Michigan Technological University)

  • Pai-Yen Chen

    (University of Illinois Chicago)

Abstract

The spectral sensitivity near exceptional points (EPs) has been recently explored as an avenue for building sensors with enhanced sensitivity. However, to date, it is not clear whether this class of sensors does indeed outperform traditional sensors in terms of signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, we investigate the spectral sensitivity associated with EPs under a different lens and propose to utilize it as a resource for hardware security. In particular, we introduce a physically unclonable function (PUF) based on analogue electronic circuits that benefit from the drastic eigenvalues bifurcation near a divergent exceptional point to enhance the stochastic entropy caused by inherent parameter fluctuations in electronic components. This in turn results in a perfect entropy source for the generation of encryption keys encoded in analog electrical signals. This lightweight and robust analog-PUF structure may lead to a variety of unforeseen securities and anti-counterfeiting applications in radio-frequency fingerprinting and wireless communications.

Suggested Citation

  • Minye Yang & Liang Zhu & Qi Zhong & Ramy El-Ganainy & Pai-Yen Chen, 2023. "Spectral sensitivity near exceptional points as a resource for hardware encryption," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36508-x
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36508-x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36508-x
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1038/s41467-023-36508-x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Heming Wang & Yu-Hung Lai & Zhiquan Yuan & Myoung-Gyun Suh & Kerry Vahala, 2020. "Petermann-factor sensitivity limit near an exceptional point in a Brillouin ring laser gyroscope," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-6, December.
    2. Hossein Hodaei & Absar U. Hassan & Steffen Wittek & Hipolito Garcia-Gracia & Ramy El-Ganainy & Demetrios N. Christodoulides & Mercedeh Khajavikhan, 2017. "Enhanced sensitivity at higher-order exceptional points," Nature, Nature, vol. 548(7666), pages 187-191, August.
    3. Jung Woo Leem & Min Seok Kim & Seung Ho Choi & Seong-Ryul Kim & Seong-Wan Kim & Young Min Song & Robert J. Young & Young L. Kim, 2020. "Edible unclonable functions," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Hoi-Kwan Lau & Aashish A. Clerk, 2018. "Fundamental limits and non-reciprocal approaches in non-Hermitian quantum sensing," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-13, December.
    5. Sid Assawaworrarit & Xiaofang Yu & Shanhui Fan, 2017. "Robust wireless power transfer using a nonlinear parity–time-symmetric circuit," Nature, Nature, vol. 546(7658), pages 387-390, June.
    6. Hossein Hodaei & Absar U. Hassan & Steffen Wittek & Hipolito Garcia-Gracia & Ramy El-Ganainy & Demetrios N. Christodoulides & Mercedeh Khajavikhan, 2017. "Erratum: Enhanced sensitivity at higher-order exceptional points," Nature, Nature, vol. 551(7682), pages 658-658, November.
    7. Weijian Chen & Şahin Kaya Özdemir & Guangming Zhao & Jan Wiersig & Lan Yang, 2017. "Exceptional points enhance sensing in an optical microcavity," Nature, Nature, vol. 548(7666), pages 192-196, August.
    8. Carsten Maple, 2017. "Security and privacy in the internet of things," Journal of Cyber Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(2), pages 155-184, May.
    9. Rodion Kononchuk & Jizhe Cai & Fred Ellis & Ramathasan Thevamaran & Tsampikos Kottos, 2022. "Exceptional-point-based accelerometers with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio," Nature, Nature, vol. 607(7920), pages 697-702, July.
    10. Han Zhao & Zhaowei Chen & Ruogang Zhao & Liang Feng, 2018. "Exceptional point engineered glass slide for microscopic thermal mapping," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 9(1), pages 1-8, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hiroki Takeshita & Ashif Aminulloh Fathnan & Daisuke Nita & Atsuko Nagata & Shinya Sugiura & Hiroki Wakatsuchi, 2024. "Frequency-hopping wave engineering with metasurfaces," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Arunn Suntharalingam & Lucas Fernández-Alcázar & Rodion Kononchuk & Tsampikos Kottos, 2023. "Noise resilient exceptional-point voltmeters enabled by oscillation quenching phenomena," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-8, December.
    2. Xin Zhou & Xingjing Ren & Dingbang Xiao & Jianqi Zhang & Ran Huang & Zhipeng Li & Xiaopeng Sun & Xuezhong Wu & Cheng-Wei Qiu & Franco Nori & Hui Jing, 2023. "Higher-order singularities in phase-tracked electromechanical oscillators," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-9, December.
    3. M. Król & I. Septembre & P. Oliwa & M. Kędziora & K. Łempicka-Mirek & M. Muszyński & R. Mazur & P. Morawiak & W. Piecek & P. Kula & W. Bardyszewski & P. G. Lagoudakis & D. D. Solnyshkov & G. Malpuech , 2022. "Annihilation of exceptional points from different Dirac valleys in a 2D photonic system," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-6, December.
    4. A. Hashemi & K. Busch & D. N. Christodoulides & S. K. Ozdemir & R. El-Ganainy, 2022. "Linear response theory of open systems with exceptional points," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.
    5. Djorwé, P. & Alphonse, H. & Abbagari, S. & Doka, S.Y. & Engo, S.G. Nana, 2023. "Synthetic magnetism for solitons in optomechanical array," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    6. Baheej Bathish & Raanan Gad & Fan Cheng & Kristoffer Karlsson & Ramgopal Madugani & Mark Douvidzon & Síle Nic Chormaic & Tal Carmon, 2023. "Absorption-induced transmission in plasma microphotonics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-7, December.
    7. Steffen Wittrock & Salvatore Perna & Romain Lebrun & Katia Ho & Roberta Dutra & Ricardo Ferreira & Paolo Bortolotti & Claudio Serpico & Vincent Cros, 2024. "Non-hermiticity in spintronics: oscillation death in coupled spintronic nano-oscillators through emerging exceptional points," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-7, December.
    8. Teng Tan & Zhongye Yuan & Hao Zhang & Guofeng Yan & Siyu Zhou & Ning An & Bo Peng & Giancarlo Soavi & Yunjiang Rao & Baicheng Yao, 2021. "Multispecies and individual gas molecule detection using Stokes solitons in a graphene over-modal microresonator," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-8, December.
    9. Weijie Liu & Quancheng Liu & Xiang Ni & Yuechen Jia & Klaus Ziegler & Andrea Alù & Feng Chen, 2024. "Floquet parity-time symmetry in integrated photonics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-7, December.
    10. Qiuyan Zhou & Jien Wu & Zhenhang Pu & Jiuyang Lu & Xueqin Huang & Weiyin Deng & Manzhu Ke & Zhengyou Liu, 2023. "Observation of geometry-dependent skin effect in non-Hermitian phononic crystals with exceptional points," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-8, December.
    11. Xiao Li & Yineng Liu & Zhifang Lin & Jack Ng & C. T. Chan, 2021. "Non-Hermitian physics for optical manipulation uncovers inherent instability of large clusters," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-9, December.
    12. Chen, Lei & Huang, Feifan & Wang, Hongteng & Huang, Linwei & Huang, Junhua & Liu, Gui-Shi & Chen, Yaofei & Luo, Yunhan & Chen, Zhe, 2022. "Non-Hermitian-enhanced topological protection of chaotic dynamics in one-dimensional optomechanics lattice," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    13. Kai Zhang & Zhesen Yang & Chen Fang, 2022. "Universal non-Hermitian skin effect in two and higher dimensions," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-7, December.
    14. Adrià Canós Valero & Hadi K. Shamkhi & Anton S. Kupriianov & Thomas Weiss & Alexander A. Pavlov & Dmitrii Redka & Vjaceslavs Bobrovs & Yuri Kivshar & Alexander S. Shalin, 2023. "Superscattering emerging from the physics of bound states in the continuum," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    15. Liao, Qinghong & Song, Menglin & Bao, Weida, 2023. "Generation of second-order sideband and slow-fast light effects in a PT-symmetric optomechanical system," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    16. Hiroki Takeshita & Ashif Aminulloh Fathnan & Daisuke Nita & Atsuko Nagata & Shinya Sugiura & Hiroki Wakatsuchi, 2024. "Frequency-hopping wave engineering with metasurfaces," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
    17. Xinyu Ma & Zhaoyu Cai & Chijie Zhuang & Xiangdong Liu & Zhecheng Zhang & Kewei Liu & Bo Cao & Jinliang He & Changxi Yang & Chengying Bao & Rong Zeng, 2024. "Integrated microcavity electric field sensors using Pound-Drever-Hall detection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-8, December.
    18. Yanwei Jiang & Xiaoguang Zhao & Dongliang Chen & Xujian Shu & Yang Zhou, 2023. "Autonomous Wireless Power Transfer System with Constant Output Voltage in a Wide Load Range," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-14, December.
    19. Xujian Shu & Guoxin Wu & Yanwei Jiang, 2023. "Comparative Analysis of SS, SP, PP and PS Topologies for Magnetic Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System Composed of the Negative Resistor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-16, October.
    20. Wenzhi Li & Qiyue Yu & Jing Hui Qiu & Jiaran Qi, 2024. "Intelligent wireless power transfer via a 2-bit compact reconfigurable transmissive-metasurface-based router," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:14:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-023-36508-x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.nature.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.