Digitalization of Public Services in Romania. A Critical Analysis Based on the DESI Index (2021– 2025)

The digitalization of public services represents an essential pillar for modernizing the administration and for developing an efficient and transparent society. It simplifies the interaction between the state and citizens, replacing traditional processes with online solutions, reducing bureaucracy, and increasing accessibility and public trust. This article analyzes the current state of digitalization of public services in Romania, using as a reference the "Digital Public Services" dimension within the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), developed by the European Commission. This index is a key tool for assessing digital progress in EU member states, quantifying the level of digitalization and supporting the foundation of public policies. The study integrates recent statistical data and sources from the specialized literature, examining both the supply and demand for digital services. Although Romania has made significant progress in terms of connectivity and the development of essential digital platforms (such as Ghișeul.ro, ROeID, and the Single Digital Gateway), the score obtained in the digital public services category (21/100) remains more than three times lower than the EU average, placing the country in last place in the European ranking. The data published in 2025, for the reference year 2024, reveal significant differences compared to the European Union average, especially regarding demand and the maturity of the digital supply. In contrast, for indicators related to facilities offered to citizens, the differences are smaller. To reduce this gap, Romania must accelerate the adoption of pre-filled forms, simplify online administrative processes, and strengthen citizens’ trust through a user-centered approach and clear security standards.