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The Multiscale Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies and Bundles and Socioecological Drivers in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China

Author

Listed:
  • Zhimin Zhang

    (College of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China)

  • Yachao Chang

    (College of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China)

  • Chongchong Yao

    (College of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China)

Abstract

A comprehensive exploration of the trade-offs/synergies and drivers of ecosystem services (ESs) is essential for formulating ecological plans. However, owing to the limited attention given to multiple scales, the relationship of ESs still needs to be further explored. Taking the Yangtze River Delta region of China as the study area, a multiscale data framework with a 1 km grid and 10 km grid and county was established, and six ESs were evaluated for 2000, 2010, and 2020. Then, the trade-offs and synergies between ESs were explored by Spearman’s correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression (GWR), and the ecosystem service bundles (ESBs) were identified by self-organizing maps (SOMs). Finally, the socioecological drivers of ESs were further analyzed via GeoDetector. The results showed that (1) the distribution of ESs exhibited spatial heterogeneity. (2) At the grid scale, there were very strong trade-off effects between crop production and the other ESs. The synergistic effects between ESs at the county level were further strengthened. (3) The ESBs identified at different temporal and spatial scales were different. (4) Land use had the strongest explanatory power for all the ESs. At the grid scale, climatic and biophysical factors had great impacts on ESs, whereas population density and night light remote sensing had significant impacts on crop production, carbon storage, and water yield at the county scale.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhimin Zhang & Yachao Chang & Chongchong Yao, 2025. "The Multiscale Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies and Bundles and Socioecological Drivers in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-21, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:16:p:7200-:d:1720814
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xiaolu Yan & Xinyuan Li & Chenghao Liu & Jiawei Li & Jingqiu Zhong, 2022. "Scales and Historical Evolution: Methods to Reveal the Relationships between Ecosystem Service Bundles and Socio-Ecological Drivers—A Case Study of Dalian City, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-20, September.
    2. CAO, Yu & Cao, Yu & Li, Guoyu & Tian, Yuhan & Fang, Xiaoqian & Li, Yan & Tan, Yongzhong, 2020. "Linking ecosystem services trade-offs, bundles and hotspot identification with cropland management in the coastal Hangzhou Bay area of China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    3. Lyu, Rongfang & Clarke, Keith C. & Zhang, Jianming & Feng, Junli & Jia, Xuehui & Li, Jijun, 2021. "Dynamics of spatial relationships among ecosystem services and their determinants: Implications for land use system reform in Northwestern China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
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