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El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Implication towards Crocodile River Water Quality in South Africa

Author

Listed:
  • Babalwa Gqomfa

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Zonnebloem, Cape Town 7925, South Africa)

  • Thabang Maphanga

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Zonnebloem, Cape Town 7925, South Africa)

  • Takalani Terry Phungela

    (Department of Water and Sanitation, 35 Brown Street, Mbombela 1201, South Africa)

  • Benett Siyabonga Madonsela

    (Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Zonnebloem, Cape Town 7925, South Africa)

  • Karabo Malakane

    (Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa)

  • Stanley Lekata

    (Centre for Postgraduate Studies (CPGS), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville South Industrial, Cape Town 7530, South Africa)

Abstract

This paper investigates the impact of ENSO on water quality by looking at COD, SS, and Escherichia coli along the Crocodile River. Water samples were collected between 2016 and 2021 at three strategic sites on the river and were tested in an accredited laboratory. Python (version 3.8), Spyder and Microsoft Excel 2019 were used to analyze the data. The highest COD concentration (800 mg/L) was recorded at the White River site during El Niño, followed by 600 mg/L during the normal period, and 240 mg/L during the La Niña period. In 2019 during La Niña and the normal period, the E. coli levels were centered in one place at 60 cfu/100 mL, while in 2021 no E. coli levels were detected from the La Niña, El Niño, and normal periods. The suspended solids in this study were more prevalent in the White River (upstream) during the El Niño period. These analyses demonstrate that it is possible to evaluate the local effects associated with large-scale climate variability.

Suggested Citation

  • Babalwa Gqomfa & Thabang Maphanga & Takalani Terry Phungela & Benett Siyabonga Madonsela & Karabo Malakane & Stanley Lekata, 2023. "El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Implication towards Crocodile River Water Quality in South Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:14:p:11125-:d:1195858
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Peña-Guerrero, Mayra Daniela & Nauditt, Alexandra & Muñoz-Robles, Carlos & Ribbe, Lars & Meza, Francisco, 2020. "Drought impacts on water quality and potential implications for agricultural production in the Maipo River Basin, Central Chile," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 65(6), pages 1005-1021.
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