From Photocatalysis to Photo-Electrocatalysis: An Innovative Water Remediation System for Sustainable Fish Farming

In this study, the effects of photo-electrocatalysis (PEC) were evaluated as an innovative application of conventional photocatalysis (PC) to remediate water in a recirculating system for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) culture, in relation to fish welfare and health, with a multidisciplinary approach. Three tanks were employed, equipped with conventional biological filters as a control system, and three tanks equipped with the PEC purification system. The concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate ions in water were monitored, and the fish’s oxidative damage and stress response were evaluated in parallel. The water of the PEC-treated experimental group showed lower ammonia (TAN) and nitrite concentrations and higher nitrate concentration, possibly deriving from TAN oxidation through PEC, also leading to gaseous N 2 . Histological analysis did not reveal any pathological alteration in the gills and liver of both groups. The superoxide dismutase ( sod1 ), glutathione reductase ( GR ), glutathione peroxidase ( GPx1 ), and Tumor necrosis factor ( TNFα ) gene expressions were significantly higher in the control group than in the PEC-treated group, while the Heat shock protein 70 ( Hsp70 ) expression did not show any difference in the two groups. These results indicate that the use of PEC filters has a positive effect on water quality, compared to the use of conventional biological filters, inducing a high level of welfare in O. mykiss .