IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i24p13719-d700773.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Land Snail, Eobania vermiculata , as a Bioindicator of the Heavy Metal Pollution in the Urban Areas of Sulaimani, Iraq

Author

Listed:
  • Aso H. Saeed H. Salih

    (Community Health Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq)

  • Abdullah A. Hama

    (Medical Laboratory Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq
    Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq)

  • Karzan A. M. Hawrami

    (Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied science in Halabja/Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan, Iraq)

  • Allah Ditta

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Upper Dir 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
    School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia)

Abstract

Land snails are crucial consumers in the terrestrial environment and beneficial significant bioindicators to evaluate the chemical impact in the ecosystem, especially on urban lands. The present study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals such as As, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in urban soil and study whether Eobania vermiculata acts as a bioindicator for heavy metal contamination in an urban area. Thirty soil and snail samples in triplicate from each sampling site were taken from the urban areas of Suliamani. After a microwave-assisted digestion procedure, every sample was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of chromium (Cr) in each snail sample was significantly high. The maximum Cr concentration (15.87 mg kg −1 ) was recorded in the snail sample collected from Ali Kamal Park, which was adjacent to a very crowded traffic road. The As concentration in snail samples ranged from 0.08 to 1.004 mg kg −1 , and it was below the permissible limits. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in urban soil locations were below their background measurements, except for nickel (Ni) which was above the permissible limits. The safest site in the study area was Chaviland 1, while the most contaminated site was the Ha-wary Shar Park. The snails bioaccumulated metals in their tissues in the following order, Cr > Zn > Ni, and this bioaccumulation occurred more on the main road locations, which represented potentially contaminated places due to anthropogenic activities. Moreover, there was no correlation among the heavy metals within the soil samples when compared to the similar metals in the snail samples, due to the low concentration of heavy metals in soil, excluding Ni, from where the snail samples were collected. Consequently, the land snail, E. vermiculata , is an appropriate sentinel organism for some metals, mainly for Cr, and the bioindicator monitoring with this snail should be extended to mixtures of heavy metals, since such relationships frequently occur in soil.

Suggested Citation

  • Aso H. Saeed H. Salih & Abdullah A. Hama & Karzan A. M. Hawrami & Allah Ditta, 2021. "The Land Snail, Eobania vermiculata , as a Bioindicator of the Heavy Metal Pollution in the Urban Areas of Sulaimani, Iraq," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:24:p:13719-:d:700773
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/24/13719/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/24/13719/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sajid Mehmood & Xiukang Wang & Waqas Ahmed & Muhammad Imtiaz & Allah Ditta & Muhammad Rizwan & Sana Irshad & Saqib Bashir & Qudsia Saeed & Adnan Mustafa & Weidong Li, 2021. "Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, May.
    2. Mahrous Awad & Mahmuod M. El-Sayed & Xiang Li & Zhongzhen Liu & Syed Khalid Mustafa & Allah Ditta & Kamel Hessini, 2021. "Diminishing Heavy Metal Hazards of Contaminated Soil via Biochar Supplementation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-14, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Muhammad Sabir & Edita Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė & Allah Ditta & Hussain Ullah & Aatika Kanwal & Sajid Ullah & Turki Kh. Faraj, 2022. "Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in a Soil–Plant System from an Open Dumpsite and the Associated Health Risks through Multiple Routes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.
    2. Theodora Bousdra & Sotiria G. Papadimou & Evangelia E. Golia, 2023. "The Use of biochar in the Remediation of Pb , Cd , and Cu -Contaminated Soils. The Impact of biochar Feedstock and Preparation Conditions on Its Remediation Capacity," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-20, January.
    3. Truong Xuan Vuong & Thi Thu Ha Pham & Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen & Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham, 2023. "Effects of Biochar and Apatite on Chemical Forms of Lead and Zinc in Multi-Metal-Contaminated Soil after Incubation: A Comparison of Peanut Shell and Corn Cob Biochar," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-23, August.
    4. Shakeel Ahmad & Fazal Hadi & Amin Ullah Jan & Raza Ullah & Bedur Faleh A. Albalawi & Allah Ditta, 2022. "Appraisal of Heavy Metals Accumulation, Physiological Response, and Human Health Risks of Five Crop Species Grown at Various Distances from Traffic Highway," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-18, December.
    5. Rositsa Velichkova & Martin Pushkarov & Radostina A. Angelova & Ognyan Sandov & Detelin Markov & Iskra Simova & Peter Stankov, 2022. "Exploring the Potential of Straw Biochar for Environmentally Friendly Fertilizers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:24:p:13719-:d:700773. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.