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Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Coastal Areas of Pakistan for Sustainable Water Quality Management Using Joint Geophysical and Geochemical Approach: A Case Study

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  • Muhammad Hasan

    (Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China)

  • Yanjun Shang

    (Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China)

  • Mohamed Metwaly

    (Archaeology Department, College of Tourism and Archeology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
    National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan, 11421 Cairo, Egypt)

  • Weijun Jin

    (Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China)

  • Majid Khan

    (School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Qiang Gao

    (Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China)

Abstract

Delineation of fresh/saline groundwater is essential for sustainable water quality management, especially in the coastal areas all around the globe. Seawater intrusion causes substantial degradation in quality of freshwater resources in the coastal areas. The main reason for saltwater intrusion is the changing environment in terms of sea-level rise, climate change, and over-extraction of freshwater resources to meet the growing demands. In this study, an integrated approach of geophysical and geochemical methods was used to assess saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas of Bela Plain, Pakistan. The inverted electrical resistivity computed from 50 vertical electrical sounding (VES) constrained the subsurface into five layers and two aquifers through 3D imaging, such as silty clay and sandy clay containing saline water, and sand, sandy gravel, and gravel containing freshwater. However, the narrow range of resistivity values shows an overlap of saline/fresh groundwater. Such ambiguity in the resistivity interpretation was removed by Dar-Zarrouk (D-Z) parameters. D-Z parameters, namely transverse unit resistance (T r ), longitudinal unit conductance (S c ), and longitudinal resistivity (ρL) estimated from VES, marked a clear distinction between saline and fresh aquifers with a wide range of values. The geochemical method was performed using 20 water samples for the main cations (K + , Ca 2+ Na + , and Mg 2+ ), anions (SO 4 2− , HCO 3 − , Cl − , and NO 3 − ), and other parameters (TDS, EC, and pH). Fresh/saline aquifers revealed by D-Z parameters are in good agreement with those delineated by physicochemical parameters and local hydrogeological conditions. This study delineates seawater intrusion of about 13–42 km from Sonmiani Bay in the Arabian Sea towards the inlands of Bela Plain. Therefore, it is expected that this investigation will be helpful in future planning for the management and exploitation of freshwater resources in the study area. Our study suggests that D-Z parameters can be used as the most inexpensive alternative to the traditional geotechnical and environmental tests for the demarcation of fresh/saline groundwater with a large coverage in any coastal or contaminated area under a homogeneous or heterogeneous setting.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Hasan & Yanjun Shang & Mohamed Metwaly & Weijun Jin & Majid Khan & Qiang Gao, 2020. "Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Coastal Areas of Pakistan for Sustainable Water Quality Management Using Joint Geophysical and Geochemical Approach: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:22:p:9730-:d:448998
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dechao Chen & Acef Elhadj & Hualian Xu & Xinliang Xu & Zhi Qiao, 2020. "A Study on the Relationship between Land Use Change and Water Quality of the Mitidja Watershed in Algeria Based on GIS and RS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-20, April.
    2. Tharani Gopalakrishnan & Lalit Kumar & Thushyanthy Mikunthan, 2020. "Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Trend of Groundwater Salinity in Jaffna Peninsula and Its Link to Paddy Land Abandonment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-14, May.
    3. Shumei Zhu & Zhifang Zhou & Qiaona Guo & Jun Ma, 2020. "A Study on the Cause of Layered Seawater Intrusion in the Daqing River Estuary of Liaodong Bay, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-22, April.
    4. Tharani Gopalakrishnan & Md Kamrul Hasan & A. T. M. Sanaul Haque & Sadeeka Layomi Jayasinghe & Lalit Kumar, 2019. "Sustainability of Coastal Agriculture under Climate Change," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-24, December.
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    1. Otman El Mountassir & Mohammed Bahir & Abdelghani Chehbouni & Driss Dhiba & Hicham El Jiar, 2022. "Assessment of Groundwater Quality and the Main Controls on Its Hydrochemistry in a Changing Climate in Morocco (Essaouira Basin)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-31, June.
    2. Gulraiz Akhter & Yonggang Ge & Naveed Iqbal & Yanjun Shang & Muhammad Hasan, 2021. "Appraisal of Remote Sensing Technology for Groundwater Resource Management Perspective in Indus Basin," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-12, August.

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