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Invisible Labor in Athletic Family Systems: The Role of Wives and Girlfriends (WAGs) in Sport

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  • Ashley J. Blount

    (Department of Counseling, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA)

  • Abby L. Bjornsen

    (Department of Counseling, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA)

  • Kayla J. Hundt

    (Counseling Department, Eau Claire Area Schools, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA)

  • Kara M. Schneider

    (Department of Counseling, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA)

Abstract

Elite and high-performance sport is frequently framed as an individual or coach–athlete endeavor, obscuring the broader family systems that sustain athletic careers. Recent scholarship has begun to document the central role of wives and partners within athletic family systems, highlighting the extensive emotional, domestic, logistical, and identity-related labor they perform to support athletic participation and success. Despite its centrality, this labor remains largely invisible within sport science research, organizational policy, and athlete support structures. Drawing on feminist theories of care and family system theory, this narrative review synthesizes interdisciplinary literature examining the unpaid and unrecognized labor of women partners, also commonly referred to as the wives and girlfriends (WAGs), across athletic career stages. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Ashley J. Blount & Abby L. Bjornsen & Kayla J. Hundt & Kara M. Schneider, 2026. "Invisible Labor in Athletic Family Systems: The Role of Wives and Girlfriends (WAGs) in Sport," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-18, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:15:y:2026:i:4:p:261-:d:1922841
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