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Decomposing the Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion: An Oaxaca–Blinder Analysis for Peru, 2024

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  • Julio Cesar Quispe-Mamani

    (Faculty of Economic Engineering, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru)

  • Santotomas Licimaco Aguilar-Pinto

    (Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Andean University Nestor Caceres Velasquez, Taparachi Urbanization Km 4.5 Exit to Puno, Juliaca 21103, Peru)

  • Duverly Joao Incacutipa-Limachi

    (Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of the Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru)

  • Marleny Quispe-Layme

    (Faculty of Education, Amazon National University of Madre of Dios, Puerto Maldonado 17001, Peru)

  • Giovana Araseli Flores-Turpo

    (Faculty of Accounting and Administrative Sciences, National University of the Altiplano, Av. Floral 1153, Puno 21001, Peru)

  • Rolando Cáceres-Quenta

    (Faculty of Educational Sciences, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru)

  • Maria Isabel Alegre-Larico

    (Professional School of Civil Engineering, National University of Moquegua, Pacocha, Moquegua 18001, Peru)

  • Adderly Mamani-Flores

    (Faculty of Social Sciences, National University of the Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru)

  • Wily Leopoldo Velásquez-Velásquez

    (Professional School of Public Management and Social Development, National University of Juliaca, Nueva Zelandia Street 631, Juliaca 21103, Peru)

  • Charles Arturo Rosado-Chávez

    (Professional School of Public Management and Social Development, National University of Moquegua, Pacocha, Moquegua 21103, Peru)

  • Marcial Guevara-Mamani

    (Faculty of Economic Engineering, National University of Altiplano, Floral Avenue 1153, Puno 21001, Peru)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to quantify and decompose the gender gap in access to and use of financial services in Peru for the year 2024, distinguishing between the portion explained by observable characteristics and the unexplained component, which is associated with discrimination or differential returns. The methodology employed a quantitative analysis based on the National Household Survey (ENAHO), using weighted and unweighted Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition models on a representative sample of 14,240 household members. The explanatory variables included age, monthly household income, years of education, area of residence, marital status, employment status, and participation in social programs. The findings revealed a significant gender gap in financial inclusion of −2.16 percentage points, with the majority attributable to the unexplained component (−0.0724), indicating structural inequalities in the returns men and women receive from their characteristics. Variables such as years of education, monthly household income, and age had significant effects but yielded lower benefits for women. It is concluded that closing the gender gap in financial inclusion in Peru requires more than improving women’s individual characteristics; it also entails addressing differential returns and promoting gender-focused public policies that ensure equitable conditions in accessing the formal financial system.

Suggested Citation

  • Julio Cesar Quispe-Mamani & Santotomas Licimaco Aguilar-Pinto & Duverly Joao Incacutipa-Limachi & Marleny Quispe-Layme & Giovana Araseli Flores-Turpo & Rolando Cáceres-Quenta & Maria Isabel Alegre-Lar, 2025. "Decomposing the Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion: An Oaxaca–Blinder Analysis for Peru, 2024," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-18, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:14:y:2025:i:9:p:567-:d:1755285
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hugo Ñopo, 2012. "New Century, Old Disparities : Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Latin America and the Caribbean," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 11953.
    2. Seifelyazal Mostafa & Salah Eldin Ashraf & ElSherif Marwa, 2023. "The Impact of Financial Inclusion on Economic Development," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 13(2), pages 93-101, March.
    3. repec:idb:brikps:6384 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. repec:idb:brikps:78540 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Hugo Ñopo, 2012. "New Century, Old Disparities : Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Latin America and the Caribbean," World Bank Publications, The World Bank, number 11953, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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