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Association of Diarrhea Outcomes with Drinking Water Factors, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Malaria Practices in the Population of Béré, Chad

Author

Listed:
  • Marie-Claire Boutrin

    (Biological Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Oakwood University, 7000 Adventist Blvd NW, Huntsville, AL 35896, USA
    Global Health Department, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA)

  • Marci Andersen

    (Global Health Department, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA)

  • Zach Gately

    (Global Health Department, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA)

  • Charis McLarty

    (Global Health Department, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA)

  • Edirlei Santos

    (Global Health Department, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, 24951 North Circle Drive, Nichol Hall, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA)

Abstract

Chad, one of the poorest Sub-Saharan Central African countries, has one of the worst global diarrhea burdens. Project 21 seeks to enhance community health in the rural town of Béré, Chad but it is lacking. The study aims to determine diarrhea outcomes and associated factors, such as drinking water, malaria, sanitation and hygiene resources and practices, in Béré. A survey questionnaire was administered by trained community health workers using a random sampling method. The respondents ( n = 484) are predominantly Nangtchéré (87%) evangelical (63%) males (88%) aged between 40–59 years old (43%) with secondary school education level (37%) or 8 years of school on average, from nuclear families (78%) with seven members on average, and of medium housing standard (56%). Drinking water treatment, transport and storage ( p < 0.001), malaria related factors ( p < 0.001), sanitation and hygiene practices ( p < 0.001), children diarrhea experience, and treatment ( p < 0.001) are predictors of diarrhea outcomes in adults. Also, factors related to drinking water transport, treatment and storage ( p < 0.001), malaria ( p < 0.001), health advice source ( p < 0.001), sanitation and hygiene ( p < 0.001), adult diarrhea experiences, and treatment ( p < 0.001) are predictors of children diarrhea outcomes. Future interventions targeting the above factors are warranted.

Suggested Citation

  • Marie-Claire Boutrin & Marci Andersen & Zach Gately & Charis McLarty & Edirlei Santos, 2025. "Association of Diarrhea Outcomes with Drinking Water Factors, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Malaria Practices in the Population of Béré, Chad," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(10), pages 1-29, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:10:p:1497-:d:1760306
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Guy Hutton & Claire Chase, 2016. "The Knowledge Base for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-35, May.
    2. Isabel Günther & Youdi Schipper, 2013. "Pumps, Germs And Storage: The Impact Of Improved Water Containers On Water Quality And Health," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(7), pages 757-774, July.
    3. Birgit Nikolay & Charles S Mwandawiro & Jimmy H Kihara & Collins Okoyo & Jorge Cano & Mariam T Mwanje & Hadley Sultani & Dorcas Alusala & Hugo C Turner & Caroline Teti & Josh Garn & Matthew C Freeman , 2015. "Understanding Heterogeneity in the Impact of National Neglected Tropical Disease Control Programmes: Evidence from School-Based Deworming in Kenya," PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(9), pages 1-20, September.
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