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State-Level Prevalence and Associates of Opioid Dependence in the USA

Author

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  • Janni Leung

    (National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
    National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
    Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane 4076, Australia
    Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Gary C. K. Chan

    (National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia)

  • Samuel X. Tan

    (National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia)

  • Caitlin McClure-Thomas

    (National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia)

  • Louisa Degenhardt

    (National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
    Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane 4076, Australia
    Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Wayne Hall

    (National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
    Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane 4076, Australia)

Abstract

Traditionally, opioid-related disease burden was primarily due to heroin use. However, increases in extra-medical (or non-medicinal use of prescription opioids; NMPOs) use has precipitated the current overdose epidemic in North America. We aim to examine the state-level prevalence of heroin and NMPO dependence and their associations with opioid-related mortality and state-level socio-demographic profiles. Data were pooled from the 2005–2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). We examine opioid-related mortality from CDC WONDER (Cause of Death database) by the past year prevalence of DSM-IV heroin and NMPO dependence, by age and sex, and their associations with state-level socio-demographic characteristics from census data. State-level rates of heroin dependence were associated with opioid-related death rates in young and mid-aged adults, while rates of NMPO dependence were associated with opioid-related death rates across all ages. The prevalence of heroin dependence was positively associated with state-level GDP/capita and urbanity. State-level NMPO dependence prevalence was associated with higher unemployment, lower GDP/capita, and a lower high-school completion rate. The prevalence of heroin and NMPO dependence are associated with a broad range of geographical and socio-demographic groups. Taking a wider view of populations affected by the opioid epidemic, inclusive interventions for all are needed to reduce opioid-related disease burden.

Suggested Citation

  • Janni Leung & Gary C. K. Chan & Samuel X. Tan & Caitlin McClure-Thomas & Louisa Degenhardt & Wayne Hall, 2022. "State-Level Prevalence and Associates of Opioid Dependence in the USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-11, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:7:p:3825-:d:777874
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mars, Sarah G. & Fessel, Jason N. & Bourgois, Philippe & Montero, Fernando & Karandinos, George & Ciccarone, Daniel, 2015. "Heroin-related overdose: The unexplored influences of markets, marketing and source-types in the United States," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 44-53.
    2. Shannon M. Monnat, 2019. "The Contributions of Socioeconomic and Opioid Supply Factors to Geographic Variation in U.S. Drug Mortality Rates," Working Papers Series 87, Institute for New Economic Thinking.
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