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Freshwater as a Sustainable Resource and Generator of Secondary Resources in the 21st Century: Stressors, Threats, Risks, Management and Protection Strategies, and Conservation Approaches

Author

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  • Doru Bănăduc

    (Applied Ecology Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, I. Raţiu Street 5–7, 9, 550012 Sibiu, Romania
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Vladica Simić

    (Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia)

  • Kevin Cianfaglione

    (FGES, Université Catholique de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France)

  • Sophia Barinova

    (Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 199 Abba Khoushi Avenue, Haifa 3498838, Israel)

  • Sergey Afanasyev

    (Institute of Hydrobiology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Geroiv Stalingradu 12, 04210 Kyiv, Ukraine)

  • Ahmet Öktener

    (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Food Control Laboratory Directorate, Denizli 20010, Turkey)

  • Grant McCall

    (Center for Human-Environmental Research (CHER), New Orleans, LA 70118, USA)

  • Snežana Simić

    (Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia)

  • Angela Curtean-Bănăduc

    (Applied Ecology Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, I. Raţiu Street 5–7, 9, 550012 Sibiu, Romania
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

This paper is a synthetic overview of some of the threats, risks, and integrated water management elements in freshwater ecosystems. The paper provides some discussion of human needs and water conservation issues related to freshwater systems: (1) introduction and background; (2) water basics and natural cycles; (3) freshwater roles in human cultures and civilizations; (4) water as a biosphere cornerstone; (5) climate as a hydrospheric ‘game changer’ from the perspective of freshwater; (6) human-induced stressors’ effects on freshwater ecosystem changes (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.); (7) freshwater ecosystems’ biological resources in the context of unsustainable exploitation/overexploitation; (8) invasive species, parasites, and diseases in freshwater systems; (9) freshwater ecosystems’ vegetation; (10) the relationship between human warfare and water. All of these issues and more create an extremely complex matrix of stressors that plays a driving role in changing freshwater ecosystems both qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as their capacity to offer sustainable products and services to human societies. Only internationally integrated policies, strategies, assessment, monitoring, management, protection, and conservation initiatives can diminish and hopefully stop the long-term deterioration of Earth’s freshwater resources and their associated secondary resources.

Suggested Citation

  • Doru Bănăduc & Vladica Simić & Kevin Cianfaglione & Sophia Barinova & Sergey Afanasyev & Ahmet Öktener & Grant McCall & Snežana Simić & Angela Curtean-Bănăduc, 2022. "Freshwater as a Sustainable Resource and Generator of Secondary Resources in the 21st Century: Stressors, Threats, Risks, Management and Protection Strategies, and Conservation Approaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-29, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:24:p:16570-:d:998844
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. R. Gomes & H. F. Levison & K. Tsiganis & A. Morbidelli, 2005. "Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets," Nature, Nature, vol. 435(7041), pages 466-469, May.
    2. Sophia Barinova, 2017. "On the Classification of Water Quality from an Ecological Point of View," International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, Juniper Publishers Inc., vol. 2(2), pages 38-45, March.
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    1. Rachid Salhi & Djamel Nettour & Mohamed Chettibi & Cherif Gherbi & Aissa Benselhoub & Stefano Bellucci, 2023. "Characterization of phosphate wastes of Djebel Onk mining complex for a sustainable environmental management," Technology audit and production reserves, PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER, vol. 3(3(71)), pages 11-19, May.

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